Abstract
A morphological and molecular study was carried out on two species of Carex from the former genus Uncinia from mainland South America and Juan Fernández Islands: C. firmula (Kük) J.R. Starr and C. subsacculata (G.A.Wheeler & Goetgh.) J.R.Starr. Both species share the particular character of having articulated pistillate scales that leave behind on the spike rachis a saccate stipe-like appendage after falling. We detected within C. firmula morphological differences between mainland South American specimens and Juan Fernández specimens, mainly regarding flower density and utricle size. On the contrary, the molecular analysis showed no molecular differentiation between the two groups of populations. Whereas, strong molecular and morphological support were found for C. subsacculata. As such, we recommend that the populations of C. firmula found on Juan Fernández and those found in the mainland should be recognised as different subspecies: island Carex firmula subsp. firmula and mainland C. firmula subsp. tenuis (Poepp. ex Kunth) R.Ridley & Jim.-Mejías. We discuss that the morphological differences may be a result of isolation in an oceanic island environment and have effect on seed dispersal. Taxonomic descriptions, images of diagnostic characters and a key are included.
References
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<p>Carlquist, S. (1966a) The biota of long-distance dispersal. II. Loss of dispersibility in Pacific Compositae. <em>Evolution</em> 20 (1): 30–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1966.tb03341.x</p>
<p>Carlquist, S. (1966b) The biota of long-distance dispersal. III. Loss of dispersibility in the Hawaiian flora. <em>Brittonia</em> 18: 310–335. https://doi.org/10.2307/2805148</p>
<p>Carlquist, S. (1974) <em>Island Biology</em>. Columbia University Press, New York. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.63768</p>
<p>Cavanilles, A.J. (1799) <em>Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum</em>, vol. 5. Regia Typographia, Madrid.</p>
<p>Cody, M.L. & Overton, J. (1996) Short-term evolution of reduced dispersal in island plant populations <em>Journal of Ecology</em>, 53–61. https://doi.org/10.2307/2261699</p>
<p>Darriba, D., Taboada, G.L., Doallo, R. & Posada, D. (2012) jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. <em>Nature Methods</em> 9 (8): 772. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2109</p>
<p>Flora del Conosur. (2021) <em>Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion</em>. Publishjed on the Internet: http://www.darwin.edu.ar/Proyectos/FloraArgentina/Familias.asp (Retrieved 15 November 2021)</p>
<p>Fresnillo, B. & Ehlers, B.K. (2008) Variation in dispersibility among mainland and island populations of three wind dispersed plant species. <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution</em> 270 (3–4): 243–255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-007-0615-1</p>
<p>García-Moro, P., A. Otero, C. Benítez-Benítez, L. Costa, S. Martín-Bravo, R.F.C. Naczi, A.A. Reznicek, E.H. Roalson, J.R. Starr & P. Jiménez-Mejías (2022) Biogeography and Systematics of <em>Carex</em> subg. <em>Uncinia</em>: a unique radiation for the genus <em>Carex</em> in the Southern Hemisphere. <em>Taxon</em>.</p>
<p>Global Carex Group (2015) Making <em>Carex </em>monophyletic (Cyperaceae, tribe Cariceae): A new broader circumscription. <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</em> 179: 1–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12298</p>
<p>Govaerts, R. (compiler), Jiménez-Mejías, P., Koopman, J., Simpson, D.A., Goetghebeur, P., Wilson, K., Egorova, T. & Bruhl, J. (2021) <em>World Checklist of Cyperaceae.</em> Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet: http://wcsp.science.kew.org/ (Retrieved 15 November 2021)</p>
<p>Hammel, B.E., Grayum, M.H., Herrera, C. & Zamora, N. (eds.) (2003) <em>Manual de plantas de Costa Rica.</em> Volumen II. - Missouri Botanical Garden Press.</p>
<p>Kudoh, H., Takayama, K. & Kachi, N. (2013) Loss of seed buoyancy in Hibiscus glaber on the oceanic Bonin Islands. <em>Pacific Science</em> 67 (4), 591–598. https://doi.org/10.2984/67.4.9</p>
<p>Idárraga-Piedrahita, A., Ortiz, R.D.C., Callejas Posada, R. & Merello, M. eds. (2011) <em>Flora Antioquia</em>: 2: 9–939. Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín.</p>
<p>Jiménez-Mejías, P, Hahn, M., Lueders, K., Starr, J.R., Brown, B.H., Chouinard, B.N., Chung, K., Escudero, M., Ford, B.A., Ford, K.A., Gebauer, S., Gehrke, B., Hoffmann, M.H., Jin, X., Jung, J., Kim, S., Luceño, M., Maguilla, E., Martín-Bravo, S., Míguez, M., Molina, A., Naczi, R.F.C., Pender, J.E., Reznicek, A.A., Villaverde, T., Waterway, M.J., Wilson, K.L., Yang, J., Zhang, S., Hipp, A.L., Roalson, E.H. The Global Carex Group. (2016a) Megaphylogenetic Specimen-Level Approaches to the <em>Carex</em> (Cyperaceae) Phylogeny Using ITS, ETS, and matK Sequences: Implications for Classification. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 41 (3): 500–519. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364416X692497</p>
<p>Jiménez-Mejías, P., Luceño, M., Wilson, K .L., Waterway, M.J. & Roalson, E.H. (2016) Clarification of the use of the terms perigynium and utricle in <em>Carex</em> L. (Cyperaceae). <em>Systematic Botany</em> 41 (3): 519–528. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364416X692488</p>
<p>Jiménez-Mejías, P. & Dorr, L.J. (2018) The Quinquín sedges: taxonomy of the <em>Carex phleoides</em> group (Cyperaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanic Garden. 103: 591–603. https://doi.org/10.3417/2018125</p>
<p>Katoh, K., Rozewicki, J. & Yamada, K.D. (2017) MAFFT online service: multiple sequence alignment, interactive sequence choice and visualization. <em>Briefings in Bioinformatics</em>. https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbx108</p>
<p>Kukethal, G. (1920) Cyperaceae novae. V. <em>Repertorium novarum specierum regni vegetabilis</em> 16: 430–435. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19200162506</p>
<p>Kukkonen, I. (1967) Vegetative Anatomy of <em>Uncinia</em> (Cyperaceae). <em>Annals of Botany</em> 31 (3): 523–544. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a084161</p>
<p>Kunth, K.S. (1837) <em>Enumeratio Plantarum, II.</em> Cyperographia synoptica. Stuttgart and Tiibingen.</p>
<p>L’.Héritier de Brutelle, C.L. (1789) <em>Sertum Anglicum: seu Plantae Rariores quae in Hortis juxta Londinum, Imprimis in Horto Regio Kewensi Excoluntur, ab Anno 1786 ad Annuum 1787 Observatae.</em> Paris. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.11440</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species Plantarum</em> 2. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, pp. 972–979.</p>
<p>Marticorena, C., Stuessy, T.F. & Baeza, C. (1998) Catalogue of the vascular flora of the Robinson Crusoe or Juan Fernández islands, Chile. <em>Gayana Botánica (Chile)</em> 55: 187–211.</p>
<p>Meyer, F.G. (1966) Chile-United States botanical expedition to Juan Fernández Islands. <em>Antarctic Journal of the United States</em> Sep-Oct: 238–242.</p>
<p>Ogle, D.H., Wheeler, P. & Dinno, A. (2018) FSA: Fisheries Stock Analysis. R package version 0.8.22, https://github.com/droglenc/FSA.</p>
<p>Persoon, C.H. (1807)<em> Synopsis plantarum, seu Enchiridium botanicum, complectens enumerationem systematicam specierum hucusque cognitarum.</em> Vol. 2. Parisiis Lutetiorum.</p>
<p>Pitman, N. (2004) <em>Uncinia subsacculata</em>. <em>The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004</em>: e.T45155A10983787. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T45155A10983787.en</p>
<p>Presl, C. (1848) <em>Abhandlungen der Königlichen Böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften </em>5 (5): 344. [Prague]</p>
<p>R Core Team. (2013) <em>R: A language and environment for statistical computing.</em> R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. [http://www.R-project.org/]</p>
<p>Roalson, E., Columbus, J. &Friar, E. (2001) Phylogenetic Relationships in Cariceae (Cyperaceae) Based on ITS (nrDNA) and trnT-L-F (cpDNA) Region Sequences: Assessment of Subgeneric and Sectional Relationships in Carex with Emphasis on Section Acrocystis. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 26 (2): 318–341. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2666710]</p>
<p>Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2003) MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 19 (12): 1572–1574. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180</p>
<p>Ruiz, L.H. & Pavon, J.A. (1794) <em>Florae Peruvianae, et Chilensis Prodromus, sive novorum generum plantrum peruvianum, et chilensium descriptiones et icones.</em> Madrid, pp. 80, t. 15.</p>
<p>Skottsberg, C. (1920–1956) <em>The Natural History of Juan Fernández and Easter Island Vol 2: Botany. </em>Uppsala. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.25662</p>
<p>Starr, J.R., Harris, S.A. & Simpson, D.A. (2004) Phylogeny of the unispicate taxa in Cyperaceae tribe Cariceae I: generic relationships and evolutionary scenarios. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 29 (3): 528–544. https://doi.org/10.1600/0363644041744455</p>
<p>Starr, J.R., Harris, S.A. & Simpson, D.A. (2008) Phylogeny of the unispicate taxa in Cyperaceae tribe Cariceae II: The limits of Uncinia in R.F.C. Naczi and B.A. Ford (editors), Sedges: Uses, Diversity, and Systematics of the Cyperaceae. <em>Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanic Gardens</em> 108: 243–267.</p>
<p>Starr, J.R. & Ford, B.A. (2009) Phylogeny and evolution in Cariceae (Cyperaceae): current knowledge and future directions. <em>The Botanical Review</em> 75 (1): 110–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-008-9020-x</p>
<p>Stearn, W.T. (1989) <em>Botanical Latin</em>. New Edition. David & Charles Inc.</p>
<p>Stuessy, T.F., Foland, K.A. Sutter, J.F. Sanders, R.W. & Silva, O.M. (1984) Botanical and geological significance of potassium-argon dates from the Juan Fernández Islands. <em>Science</em> 225: 49–51. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.225.4657.49</p>
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