Abstract
Ischaemum dioecum, a new strange species from Northern Western Ghats, Maharashtra, India is described and illustrated. The most spectacular and unusual feature of the species is its dioecious breeding system i.e. male and female plants are sexually separate entities, which is being documented first time in the tribe Andropogoneae. Other distinguishing features are such as: sessile spikelets 1-flowered (only upper floret developed), palea bi-dentate with an arista from the sinus and pedicelled spikelet reduced or absent; stamens four with unusually filiform and elongated filaments, ca. 15 mm long; peduncle of male plants glandular and with tubercle-based bristles; style and stigma extraordinarily long each may be up to 14 mm long and pedicel 1/2–4/5 of the sessile spikelet. A table of morphological comparison and detailed discussion with allied species from Africa, India and Australia is given along with the keys to close genera. A detailed discussion on the similar case of dioecism in grasses; habitat characteristics, distribution of the populations and inter-specific interaction, adaptation and morphological affinities of I. dioecum is discussed with African, Indian and Australian taxa. It is apparently a narrow endemic species. Based on IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, the species is assessed here as Critically Endangered (CR).
References
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Graff, P., Aguiar , M.R. & Almeida, R.J. (2018) Females engage in stronger relationships: positive and negative effects of shrubs are more intense for Poa ligularis females than for males. Annals of Botany 122: 435–443. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcy085
Griffiths, D. (1912) The Grama Grasses: Bouteloua and related genera: contributions from the United States National Herbarium. Vol. 14 (3). Government Printing Office, Wishington, DC, pp. 343–428. https://doi.org/10.5479/10088/27218
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Hackel, E. (1889) Monographia Andropogonearum. In: De Candolle, Monographia Phanerogamarum 6: 200–253.
Hitchcock, A.S. (1913) Mexican grasses in the United States National Herbarium: contributions from the United States National Herbarium. Government Printing Office, Wishington, DC, pp. 181–389.
Holmgren, M., Scheffer, M. & Huston, M.A. (1997) The interplay of facilitation and competition in plant communities. Ecology 78: 1966–1975. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1997)078[1966:TIOFAC]2.0.CO;2
Hooker, J.D. (1897) Flora of British India, Gramineae. Vol. 7. L. Reeve & Co. Ltd., England, pp. 126–140.
IUCN (2019) Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 14. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions. IUCN, Gland and Cambridge. [https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines]
Judziewicz, E.J. & Soderstrom, T.R. (1989) Morphological, Anatomical, and Taxonomic Studies in Anomochloa and Streptochaeta (Poaceae: Bambusoideae). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C., 52 pp. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.0081024X.68
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Kellogg, EA. (2015) Poaceae. In: Kubitski, K. (Ed.) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. 13. Springer, Berlin, 302 pp.
Lagasca, M. (1805) Memoria sobre un género nuevo de la familia de las gramas, llamado Botelua y sobre otro de la misma familia que le es afine. Variedades de Ciencias, Literatura y Artes 2: 1–134.
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Landge, S.N. & Shinde, R.D. (2021) Ischaemum mistryi (Poaceae: Andropogoneae): A new remarkable species from Sub-Tropical Evergreen Forest, India. Phytotaxa 509 (3): 272–280. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.509.3.2
Le Roux, L.G. & Kellogg, E.A. (1999) Floral development and the formation of unisexual spikelets in the Andropogoneae (Poaceae). American Journal of Botany 86 (3): 354–366.
Linnaeus, C. (1753a) Species plantarum, vol. 1. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 560 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.669
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