Abstract
Agaricus brunneodiscus sp. nov. is described from Kerala State, India, based on morphological and molecular (nrITS) data. This species is characterized by medium-sized basidiomes with a white pileus, a brown centre disc breaking up into squamules, polymorphic cheilocystidia, and basidiospores that are considered large among the members of A. sect. Rarolentes. The macro- and micromorphological characters in conjunction with nrITS-based phylogenetic analysis using Maximum Likelihood (ML) method supported the placement of the new species in Agaricus sect. Rarolentes within Agaricus subg. Spissicaules. Descriptions, photographs and comparisons with phenetically similar species are provided.
References
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<p>Foulongne-Oriol, M., Spataro, C., Moinard, M., Cabannes, D., Callac, P. & Savoie, J.M. (2012) Development of polymorphic microsatellite markers issued from pyrosequencing technology for the medicinal mushroom <em>Agaricus subrufescens</em>. <em>FEMS Microbiology Letters</em> 334: 119–126. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02627.x</p>
<p>Hall, T.A. (1999) Bio Edit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. <em>Nucleic Acids Symposium Series</em> 41: 95–98.</p>
<p>Heinemann, P. (1956) Champignons récoltés au Congo Belge par Mme M Goossens-Fontana, II <em>Agaricus </em>Fr ss. <em>Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État à Bruxelles </em>26: 1–127.</p>
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<p>Kornerup, A. & Wanscher, J.H. (1978) <em>Methuen handbook of color</em>, Methuen, London, 252 pp.</p>
<p>Kumar, A., Vrinda, K.B. & Pradeep, C.K. (2018) Two new species of <em>Crepidotus </em>(Basidiomycota, Agaricales) from peninsular India. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 372 (1): 67–78. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.372.1.5</p>
<p>Kumar, S., Stecher, G. & Tamura, K. (2016) MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution </em>33: 1870–1874. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw054</p>
<p>Largeteau, M.L, Llarena-Hernández, R.C., Regnault-Roger, C. & Savoie, J.M. (2011) The medicinal <em>Agaricus</em> mushroom cultivated in Brazil: biology, cultivation and non-medicinal valorization. <em>Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology </em>92: 897–907 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-011-3630-7</p>
<p>Lebel, T. & Syme, A. (2012) Sequestrate species of <em>Agaricus</em> and <em>Macrolepiota</em> from Australia: new species and combinations and their position in a calibrated phylogeny. <em>Mycologia</em> 104: 496–520. https://doi.org/10.3852/11-092</p>
<p>Ling, Z.L., Zhou, J.L., Parra, L.A., De Kesel, A., Callac, P., Cao, B. & Zhao, R.L. (2021) Four new species of <em>Agaricus</em> subgenus <em>Spissicaules</em> from China. <em>Mycologia</em> 113 (2): 476–491. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2020.1852808</p>
<p>Liu, J.K., Hyde, K.D., Jones, E.B.G., Ariyawansa, H.A., Bhat, D.J., Boonmee, S., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Mckenzie, E.H.C., Phookamsak, R., Phukhamsakda, C., Shenoy, B.D., Abdel-Wahab, M.A., Buyck, B., Chen, J., Chethana, K.W.T., Singtripop, C., Dai, D.Q., Dai, Y.C., Daranagama, D.A., Dissanayake, A.J., Doilom, M., D’souza, M.J., Fan, X.L., Goonasekara, I.D., Hirayama, K., Hongsanan, S., Jayasiri, S.C., Jayawardena, R.S., Karunarathna, S.C., Li, W.J., Mapook, A., Norphanphoun, C., Pang, K.L., Perera, R.H., Peršoh, D., Pinruan, U., Senanayake, I.C., Somrithipol, S., Suetrong, S., Tanaka, K., Thambugala, K.M., Tian, Q., Tibpromma, S., Udayanga, D., Wijayawardene, N.N., Wanasinghe, D., Wisitrassameewong, K., Zeng, X.Y., Abdel-Aziz, F.A., Adamčík, S., Bahkali, A.H., Boonyuen, N., Bulgakov, T., Callac, P., Chomnunti, P., Greiner, K., Hashimoto, A., Hofstetter, V., Kang, J.C., Lewis, D., Li, X.H., Liu, X.X., Liu, Z.Y., Matsumura, M., Mortimer, P.E., Rambold, G., Randrianjohany, E., Sato, G., Sri-Indrasutdhi, V., Tian, C.M., Verbeken, A., Brackel, W.V., Wang, Y., Wen, T.C., Xu, J.C., Yan, J.Y., Zhao, R.L. & Camporesi, E. (2015) Fungal Diversity notes 1–110: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal species. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 72: 1–197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-015-0324-y</p>
<p>Mariselvi, M. & Earanna, N. (2018) Molecular identification and screening of mushrooms for antibacterial property against <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> and <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>. <em>Journal of Applied Natural Science</em> 10: 791–796. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i2.1682</p>
<p>Ortiz-Santana, B., Chen, J., Parra, L.A., Angelini, C., Lodge, D.J., Kerrigan, R.W. & Callac, P. (2021) The genus <em>Agaricus</em> in the Caribbean II. Refined phylogeny of <em>Agaricus</em> subg. <em>Spissicaules</em> with description of two new sections and eight new species. <em>Mycological Progress</em> 20 (4): 381–411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-021-01686-9</p>
<p>Parra, L.A. (2008) <em>Agaricus</em> L., <em>Allopsalliota </em>Nauta & Bas. <em>Fungi Europaei</em> 1. Edizioni Candusso, Alassio, Italy, 824 pp.</p>
<p>Saini, M.K., Harwinder, K. & Malik, N.A. (2018) The genus <em>Agaricus</em> (Agaricaceae, Agaricales) from India-a check list. <em>Kavaka</em> 51: 49–58.</p>
<p>Vu, D., Groenewald, M., De Vries, M., Gehrmann, T., Stielow, B., Eberhardt, U., Al-Hatmi, A., Groenewald, J.Z., Cardinali, G., Houbraken, J., Boekhout, T., Crous, P.W., Robert, V. & Verkley, G.J.M. (2019) Large-scale generation and analysis of filamentous fungal DNA barcodes boosts coverage for kingdom fungi and reveals thresholds for fungal species and higher taxon delimitation. <em>Studies in Mycology </em>92: 135–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2018.05.001</p>
<p>White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S.J.W.T. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. <em>PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications</em> 18 (1): 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1</p>
<p>Wisitrassameewong, K., Karunarathna, S.C., Thongklang, N., Zhao, R.L., Callac, P., Chukeatirote, E., Bahkali, A.H. & Hyde, K.D. (2012) <em>Agaricus subrufescens</em>: new to Thailand. <em>Chiang Mai Journal of Science</em> 39 (2): 281–291</p>
<p>Zhao, R.L., Hyde, K.D., Desjardin, D.E., Raspé, O., Soytong, K., Guinberteau, J., Karunarathna, S.C. & Callac, P. (2012) <em>Agaricus flocculosipes</em> sp. nov., a new potentially cultivatable species from the tropics. <em>Mycoscience</em> 53: 300–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10267-011-0169-5</p>
<p>Zhao, R.L., Karunarathna, S., Raspé, O., Parra, L.A., Guinberteau, J., Moinard, M., Kesel, A.D., Barroso, G., Courtecuisse, R., Hyde, K.D., Guelly, A.K., Desjardin, D.E. & Callac, P. (2011) Major clades in tropical <em>Agaricus</em>. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 51: 279–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-011-0136-7</p>
<p>Zhao, R.L., Zhou, J.L., Chen, J., Margaritescu, S., Sánchez-Ramírez, S., Hyde, K.D., Callac, P., Parra, L.A., Li, G.J. & Moncalvo, J.M. (2016) Towards standardizing taxonomic ranks using divergence times-a case study for reconstruction of the <em>Agaricus</em> taxonomic system. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 78: 239–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-016-0357-x </p>
<p>Zheng, J., Li, J., Song, Y., Wang, G. & Qiu, L. (2019) <em>Agaricus rubripes</em> sp. nov., a new species from Southern China. <em>Nova Hedwigia</em> 109: 233–246. https://doi.org/10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2019/0542 </p>
<p>Zhou, J.L., Su, A.Y., Su, H.Y., Wang, B., Callac, P., Guinberteau, J., Hyde, K.D. & Zhao, R.L. (2016) A description of eleven new species of <em>Agaricus</em> sections <em>Xanthodermatei</em> and <em>Hondenses </em>collected from Tibet and the surrounding areas. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 257: 99–121. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.257.2.1</p>
<p>Chen, J., Callac, P., Parra, L.A., Karunarathna, S.C., He, M.Q., Moinard, M., De Kesel, A., Raspé, O., Wisitrassameewong, K., Hyde, K.D. & Zhao, R.L. (2017) Study in <em>Agaricus</em> subgenus <em>Minores</em> and allied clades reveals a new American subgenus and contrasting phylogenetic patterns in Europe and Greater Mekong Subregion. <em>Persoonia </em>38: 170–196. https://doi.org/10.3767/003158517X695521</p>
<p>Dai, R.C., Li, G.J., He, M.Q., Liu, R.L., Ling, Z.L., Wu, J.R. & Zhao, R.L. (2016) Characterization of four species including one new species of <em>Agaricus</em> subgenus <em>Spissicaules</em> from Eastern China. <em>Mycosphere</em> 7: 405–416. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/7/4/2</p>
<p>Didukh, M., Vilgalys, R., Wasser, S.P., Isikhuemhen, O.S. & Nevo, E. (2005) Notes on <em>Agaricus</em> section <em>Duploannulati</em> using molecular and morphological data. <em>Mycological Research</em> 109: 729–740. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0953756205002443</p>
<p>Edler, D., Klein, J., Antonelli, A. & Silvestro, D. (2021) RAxMLGUI 2.0: A graphical interface and toolkit for phylogenetic analyses using RAxML. <em>Methods in Ecology and Evolution</em> 12 (2): 373–377. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.13512/v1/review3</p>
<p>Edwards, I.P., Cripliver, J.L., Gillespie, A.R, Johnsen, K.H, Scholler, J.M. & Turco, R.F. (2004) Nitrogen availability alters macrofungal basidiomycete community structure in optimally fertilized loblolly pine forests. <em>New Phytologist</em> 162: 755–770. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01074.x</p>
<p>Farook, V.A., Khan, S.S. & Manimohan, P. (2013) A checklist of agarics (gilled mushrooms) of Kerala State, India. <em>Mycosphere</em> 4: 97–131. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/4/1/6</p>
<p>Foulongne-Oriol, M., Spataro, C., Moinard, M., Cabannes, D., Callac, P. & Savoie, J.M. (2012) Development of polymorphic microsatellite markers issued from pyrosequencing technology for the medicinal mushroom <em>Agaricus subrufescens</em>. <em>FEMS Microbiology Letters</em> 334: 119–126. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02627.x</p>
<p>Hall, T.A. (1999) Bio Edit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. <em>Nucleic Acids Symposium Series</em> 41: 95–98.</p>
<p>Heinemann, P. (1956) Champignons récoltés au Congo Belge par Mme M Goossens-Fontana, II <em>Agaricus </em>Fr ss. <em>Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État à Bruxelles </em>26: 1–127.</p>
<p>Izumitsu, K., Hatoh, K., Sumita, T., Kitade, Y., Morita, A., Gafur, A., Ohta, A., Kawai, M., Yamanaka, T., Neda, H., Ota, Y. & Tanaka, C. (2012) Rapid and simple preparation of mushroom DNA directly from colonies and fruiting bodies for PCR. <em>Mycoscience </em>53: 396–401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10267-012-0182-3</p>
<p>Jeewon, R. & Hyde, K.D. (2016) Establishing species boundaries and new taxa among fungi: recommendations to resolve taxonomic ambiguities. <em>Mycosphere </em>7: 1669–1677. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/7/11/4</p>
<p>Kerrigan, R.W. (2016) <em>Agaricus of North America</em>. New York Botanical Garden Press, New York, USA, 573 pp.</p>
<p>Kerrigan, R.W., Callac, P., Guinberteau, J., Challen, M.P. & Parra, L.A. (2005) <em>Agaricus</em> section <em>Xanthodermatei</em>: a phylogenetic reconstruction with commentary on taxa. <em>Mycologia</em> 97: 1292–1315. https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2006.11832737</p>
<p>Kornerup, A. & Wanscher, J.H. (1978) <em>Methuen handbook of color</em>, Methuen, London, 252 pp.</p>
<p>Kumar, A., Vrinda, K.B. & Pradeep, C.K. (2018) Two new species of <em>Crepidotus </em>(Basidiomycota, Agaricales) from peninsular India. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 372 (1): 67–78. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.372.1.5</p>
<p>Kumar, S., Stecher, G. & Tamura, K. (2016) MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution </em>33: 1870–1874. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw054</p>
<p>Largeteau, M.L, Llarena-Hernández, R.C., Regnault-Roger, C. & Savoie, J.M. (2011) The medicinal <em>Agaricus</em> mushroom cultivated in Brazil: biology, cultivation and non-medicinal valorization. <em>Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology </em>92: 897–907 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-011-3630-7</p>
<p>Lebel, T. & Syme, A. (2012) Sequestrate species of <em>Agaricus</em> and <em>Macrolepiota</em> from Australia: new species and combinations and their position in a calibrated phylogeny. <em>Mycologia</em> 104: 496–520. https://doi.org/10.3852/11-092</p>
<p>Ling, Z.L., Zhou, J.L., Parra, L.A., De Kesel, A., Callac, P., Cao, B. & Zhao, R.L. (2021) Four new species of <em>Agaricus</em> subgenus <em>Spissicaules</em> from China. <em>Mycologia</em> 113 (2): 476–491. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2020.1852808</p>
<p>Liu, J.K., Hyde, K.D., Jones, E.B.G., Ariyawansa, H.A., Bhat, D.J., Boonmee, S., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Mckenzie, E.H.C., Phookamsak, R., Phukhamsakda, C., Shenoy, B.D., Abdel-Wahab, M.A., Buyck, B., Chen, J., Chethana, K.W.T., Singtripop, C., Dai, D.Q., Dai, Y.C., Daranagama, D.A., Dissanayake, A.J., Doilom, M., D’souza, M.J., Fan, X.L., Goonasekara, I.D., Hirayama, K., Hongsanan, S., Jayasiri, S.C., Jayawardena, R.S., Karunarathna, S.C., Li, W.J., Mapook, A., Norphanphoun, C., Pang, K.L., Perera, R.H., Peršoh, D., Pinruan, U., Senanayake, I.C., Somrithipol, S., Suetrong, S., Tanaka, K., Thambugala, K.M., Tian, Q., Tibpromma, S., Udayanga, D., Wijayawardene, N.N., Wanasinghe, D., Wisitrassameewong, K., Zeng, X.Y., Abdel-Aziz, F.A., Adamčík, S., Bahkali, A.H., Boonyuen, N., Bulgakov, T., Callac, P., Chomnunti, P., Greiner, K., Hashimoto, A., Hofstetter, V., Kang, J.C., Lewis, D., Li, X.H., Liu, X.X., Liu, Z.Y., Matsumura, M., Mortimer, P.E., Rambold, G., Randrianjohany, E., Sato, G., Sri-Indrasutdhi, V., Tian, C.M., Verbeken, A., Brackel, W.V., Wang, Y., Wen, T.C., Xu, J.C., Yan, J.Y., Zhao, R.L. & Camporesi, E. (2015) Fungal Diversity notes 1–110: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal species. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 72: 1–197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-015-0324-y</p>
<p>Mariselvi, M. & Earanna, N. (2018) Molecular identification and screening of mushrooms for antibacterial property against <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> and <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>. <em>Journal of Applied Natural Science</em> 10: 791–796. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i2.1682</p>
<p>Ortiz-Santana, B., Chen, J., Parra, L.A., Angelini, C., Lodge, D.J., Kerrigan, R.W. & Callac, P. (2021) The genus <em>Agaricus</em> in the Caribbean II. Refined phylogeny of <em>Agaricus</em> subg. <em>Spissicaules</em> with description of two new sections and eight new species. <em>Mycological Progress</em> 20 (4): 381–411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-021-01686-9</p>
<p>Parra, L.A. (2008) <em>Agaricus</em> L., <em>Allopsalliota </em>Nauta & Bas. <em>Fungi Europaei</em> 1. Edizioni Candusso, Alassio, Italy, 824 pp.</p>
<p>Saini, M.K., Harwinder, K. & Malik, N.A. (2018) The genus <em>Agaricus</em> (Agaricaceae, Agaricales) from India-a check list. <em>Kavaka</em> 51: 49–58.</p>
<p>Vu, D., Groenewald, M., De Vries, M., Gehrmann, T., Stielow, B., Eberhardt, U., Al-Hatmi, A., Groenewald, J.Z., Cardinali, G., Houbraken, J., Boekhout, T., Crous, P.W., Robert, V. & Verkley, G.J.M. (2019) Large-scale generation and analysis of filamentous fungal DNA barcodes boosts coverage for kingdom fungi and reveals thresholds for fungal species and higher taxon delimitation. <em>Studies in Mycology </em>92: 135–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2018.05.001</p>
<p>White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S.J.W.T. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. <em>PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications</em> 18 (1): 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1</p>
<p>Wisitrassameewong, K., Karunarathna, S.C., Thongklang, N., Zhao, R.L., Callac, P., Chukeatirote, E., Bahkali, A.H. & Hyde, K.D. (2012) <em>Agaricus subrufescens</em>: new to Thailand. <em>Chiang Mai Journal of Science</em> 39 (2): 281–291</p>
<p>Zhao, R.L., Hyde, K.D., Desjardin, D.E., Raspé, O., Soytong, K., Guinberteau, J., Karunarathna, S.C. & Callac, P. (2012) <em>Agaricus flocculosipes</em> sp. nov., a new potentially cultivatable species from the tropics. <em>Mycoscience</em> 53: 300–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10267-011-0169-5</p>
<p>Zhao, R.L., Karunarathna, S., Raspé, O., Parra, L.A., Guinberteau, J., Moinard, M., Kesel, A.D., Barroso, G., Courtecuisse, R., Hyde, K.D., Guelly, A.K., Desjardin, D.E. & Callac, P. (2011) Major clades in tropical <em>Agaricus</em>. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 51: 279–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-011-0136-7</p>
<p>Zhao, R.L., Zhou, J.L., Chen, J., Margaritescu, S., Sánchez-Ramírez, S., Hyde, K.D., Callac, P., Parra, L.A., Li, G.J. & Moncalvo, J.M. (2016) Towards standardizing taxonomic ranks using divergence times-a case study for reconstruction of the <em>Agaricus</em> taxonomic system. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 78: 239–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-016-0357-x </p>
<p>Zheng, J., Li, J., Song, Y., Wang, G. & Qiu, L. (2019) <em>Agaricus rubripes</em> sp. nov., a new species from Southern China. <em>Nova Hedwigia</em> 109: 233–246. https://doi.org/10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2019/0542 </p>
<p>Zhou, J.L., Su, A.Y., Su, H.Y., Wang, B., Callac, P., Guinberteau, J., Hyde, K.D. & Zhao, R.L. (2016) A description of eleven new species of <em>Agaricus</em> sections <em>Xanthodermatei</em> and <em>Hondenses </em>collected from Tibet and the surrounding areas. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 257: 99–121. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.257.2.1</p>