Abstract
Agaricus brunneodiscus sp. nov. is described from Kerala State, India, based on morphological and molecular (nrITS) data. This species is characterized by medium-sized basidiomes with a white pileus, a brown centre disc breaking up into squamules, polymorphic cheilocystidia, and basidiospores that are considered large among the members of A. sect. Rarolentes. The macro- and micromorphological characters in conjunction with nrITS-based phylogenetic analysis using Maximum Likelihood (ML) method supported the placement of the new species in Agaricus sect. Rarolentes within Agaricus subg. Spissicaules. Descriptions, photographs and comparisons with phenetically similar species are provided.
References
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Edwards, I.P., Cripliver, J.L., Gillespie, A.R, Johnsen, K.H, Scholler, J.M. & Turco, R.F. (2004) Nitrogen availability alters macrofungal basidiomycete community structure in optimally fertilized loblolly pine forests. New Phytologist 162: 755–770. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01074.x
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Foulongne-Oriol, M., Spataro, C., Moinard, M., Cabannes, D., Callac, P. & Savoie, J.M. (2012) Development of polymorphic microsatellite markers issued from pyrosequencing technology for the medicinal mushroom Agaricus subrufescens. FEMS Microbiology Letters 334: 119–126. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02627.x
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Lebel, T. & Syme, A. (2012) Sequestrate species of Agaricus and Macrolepiota from Australia: new species and combinations and their position in a calibrated phylogeny. Mycologia 104: 496–520. https://doi.org/10.3852/11-092
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Ortiz-Santana, B., Chen, J., Parra, L.A., Angelini, C., Lodge, D.J., Kerrigan, R.W. & Callac, P. (2021) The genus Agaricus in the Caribbean II. Refined phylogeny of Agaricus subg. Spissicaules with description of two new sections and eight new species. Mycological Progress 20 (4): 381–411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-021-01686-9
Parra, L.A. (2008) Agaricus L., Allopsalliota Nauta & Bas. Fungi Europaei 1. Edizioni Candusso, Alassio, Italy, 824 pp.
Saini, M.K., Harwinder, K. & Malik, N.A. (2018) The genus Agaricus (Agaricaceae, Agaricales) from India-a check list. Kavaka 51: 49–58.
Vu, D., Groenewald, M., De Vries, M., Gehrmann, T., Stielow, B., Eberhardt, U., Al-Hatmi, A., Groenewald, J.Z., Cardinali, G., Houbraken, J., Boekhout, T., Crous, P.W., Robert, V. & Verkley, G.J.M. (2019) Large-scale generation and analysis of filamentous fungal DNA barcodes boosts coverage for kingdom fungi and reveals thresholds for fungal species and higher taxon delimitation. Studies in Mycology 92: 135–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2018.05.001
White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S.J.W.T. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications 18 (1): 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1
Wisitrassameewong, K., Karunarathna, S.C., Thongklang, N., Zhao, R.L., Callac, P., Chukeatirote, E., Bahkali, A.H. & Hyde, K.D. (2012) Agaricus subrufescens: new to Thailand. Chiang Mai Journal of Science 39 (2): 281–291
Zhao, R.L., Hyde, K.D., Desjardin, D.E., Raspé, O., Soytong, K., Guinberteau, J., Karunarathna, S.C. & Callac, P. (2012) Agaricus flocculosipes sp. nov., a new potentially cultivatable species from the tropics. Mycoscience 53: 300–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10267-011-0169-5
Zhao, R.L., Karunarathna, S., Raspé, O., Parra, L.A., Guinberteau, J., Moinard, M., Kesel, A.D., Barroso, G., Courtecuisse, R., Hyde, K.D., Guelly, A.K., Desjardin, D.E. & Callac, P. (2011) Major clades in tropical Agaricus. Fungal Diversity 51: 279–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-011-0136-7
Zhao, R.L., Zhou, J.L., Chen, J., Margaritescu, S., Sánchez-Ramírez, S., Hyde, K.D., Callac, P., Parra, L.A., Li, G.J. & Moncalvo, J.M. (2016) Towards standardizing taxonomic ranks using divergence times-a case study for reconstruction of the Agaricus taxonomic system. Fungal Diversity 78: 239–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-016-0357-x
Zheng, J., Li, J., Song, Y., Wang, G. & Qiu, L. (2019) Agaricus rubripes sp. nov., a new species from Southern China. Nova Hedwigia 109: 233–246. https://doi.org/10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2019/0542
Zhou, J.L., Su, A.Y., Su, H.Y., Wang, B., Callac, P., Guinberteau, J., Hyde, K.D. & Zhao, R.L. (2016) A description of eleven new species of Agaricus sections Xanthodermatei and Hondenses collected from Tibet and the surrounding areas. Phytotaxa 257: 99–121. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.257.2.1
Chen, J., Callac, P., Parra, L.A., Karunarathna, S.C., He, M.Q., Moinard, M., De Kesel, A., Raspé, O., Wisitrassameewong, K., Hyde, K.D. & Zhao, R.L. (2017) Study in Agaricus subgenus Minores and allied clades reveals a new American subgenus and contrasting phylogenetic patterns in Europe and Greater Mekong Subregion. Persoonia 38: 170–196. https://doi.org/10.3767/003158517X695521
Dai, R.C., Li, G.J., He, M.Q., Liu, R.L., Ling, Z.L., Wu, J.R. & Zhao, R.L. (2016) Characterization of four species including one new species of Agaricus subgenus Spissicaules from Eastern China. Mycosphere 7: 405–416. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/7/4/2
Didukh, M., Vilgalys, R., Wasser, S.P., Isikhuemhen, O.S. & Nevo, E. (2005) Notes on Agaricus section Duploannulati using molecular and morphological data. Mycological Research 109: 729–740. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0953756205002443
Edler, D., Klein, J., Antonelli, A. & Silvestro, D. (2021) RAxMLGUI 2.0: A graphical interface and toolkit for phylogenetic analyses using RAxML. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 12 (2): 373–377. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.13512/v1/review3
Edwards, I.P., Cripliver, J.L., Gillespie, A.R, Johnsen, K.H, Scholler, J.M. & Turco, R.F. (2004) Nitrogen availability alters macrofungal basidiomycete community structure in optimally fertilized loblolly pine forests. New Phytologist 162: 755–770. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01074.x
Farook, V.A., Khan, S.S. & Manimohan, P. (2013) A checklist of agarics (gilled mushrooms) of Kerala State, India. Mycosphere 4: 97–131. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/4/1/6
Foulongne-Oriol, M., Spataro, C., Moinard, M., Cabannes, D., Callac, P. & Savoie, J.M. (2012) Development of polymorphic microsatellite markers issued from pyrosequencing technology for the medicinal mushroom Agaricus subrufescens. FEMS Microbiology Letters 334: 119–126. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2012.02627.x
Hall, T.A. (1999) Bio Edit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41: 95–98.
Heinemann, P. (1956) Champignons récoltés au Congo Belge par Mme M Goossens-Fontana, II Agaricus Fr ss. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l’État à Bruxelles 26: 1–127.
Izumitsu, K., Hatoh, K., Sumita, T., Kitade, Y., Morita, A., Gafur, A., Ohta, A., Kawai, M., Yamanaka, T., Neda, H., Ota, Y. & Tanaka, C. (2012) Rapid and simple preparation of mushroom DNA directly from colonies and fruiting bodies for PCR. Mycoscience 53: 396–401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10267-012-0182-3
Jeewon, R. & Hyde, K.D. (2016) Establishing species boundaries and new taxa among fungi: recommendations to resolve taxonomic ambiguities. Mycosphere 7: 1669–1677. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/7/11/4
Kerrigan, R.W. (2016) Agaricus of North America. New York Botanical Garden Press, New York, USA, 573 pp.
Kerrigan, R.W., Callac, P., Guinberteau, J., Challen, M.P. & Parra, L.A. (2005) Agaricus section Xanthodermatei: a phylogenetic reconstruction with commentary on taxa. Mycologia 97: 1292–1315. https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2006.11832737
Kornerup, A. & Wanscher, J.H. (1978) Methuen handbook of color, Methuen, London, 252 pp.
Kumar, A., Vrinda, K.B. & Pradeep, C.K. (2018) Two new species of Crepidotus (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) from peninsular India. Phytotaxa 372 (1): 67–78. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.372.1.5
Kumar, S., Stecher, G. & Tamura, K. (2016) MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Molecular Biology and Evolution 33: 1870–1874. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw054
Largeteau, M.L, Llarena-Hernández, R.C., Regnault-Roger, C. & Savoie, J.M. (2011) The medicinal Agaricus mushroom cultivated in Brazil: biology, cultivation and non-medicinal valorization. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 92: 897–907 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-011-3630-7
Lebel, T. & Syme, A. (2012) Sequestrate species of Agaricus and Macrolepiota from Australia: new species and combinations and their position in a calibrated phylogeny. Mycologia 104: 496–520. https://doi.org/10.3852/11-092
Ling, Z.L., Zhou, J.L., Parra, L.A., De Kesel, A., Callac, P., Cao, B. & Zhao, R.L. (2021) Four new species of Agaricus subgenus Spissicaules from China. Mycologia 113 (2): 476–491. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2020.1852808
Liu, J.K., Hyde, K.D., Jones, E.B.G., Ariyawansa, H.A., Bhat, D.J., Boonmee, S., Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N., Mckenzie, E.H.C., Phookamsak, R., Phukhamsakda, C., Shenoy, B.D., Abdel-Wahab, M.A., Buyck, B., Chen, J., Chethana, K.W.T., Singtripop, C., Dai, D.Q., Dai, Y.C., Daranagama, D.A., Dissanayake, A.J., Doilom, M., D’souza, M.J., Fan, X.L., Goonasekara, I.D., Hirayama, K., Hongsanan, S., Jayasiri, S.C., Jayawardena, R.S., Karunarathna, S.C., Li, W.J., Mapook, A., Norphanphoun, C., Pang, K.L., Perera, R.H., Peršoh, D., Pinruan, U., Senanayake, I.C., Somrithipol, S., Suetrong, S., Tanaka, K., Thambugala, K.M., Tian, Q., Tibpromma, S., Udayanga, D., Wijayawardene, N.N., Wanasinghe, D., Wisitrassameewong, K., Zeng, X.Y., Abdel-Aziz, F.A., Adam?ík, S., Bahkali, A.H., Boonyuen, N., Bulgakov, T., Callac, P., Chomnunti, P., Greiner, K., Hashimoto, A., Hofstetter, V., Kang, J.C., Lewis, D., Li, X.H., Liu, X.X., Liu, Z.Y., Matsumura, M., Mortimer, P.E., Rambold, G., Randrianjohany, E., Sato, G., Sri-Indrasutdhi, V., Tian, C.M., Verbeken, A., Brackel, W.V., Wang, Y., Wen, T.C., Xu, J.C., Yan, J.Y., Zhao, R.L. & Camporesi, E. (2015) Fungal Diversity notes 1–110: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal species. Fungal Diversity 72: 1–197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-015-0324-y
Mariselvi, M. & Earanna, N. (2018) Molecular identification and screening of mushrooms for antibacterial property against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Applied Natural Science 10: 791–796. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i2.1682
Ortiz-Santana, B., Chen, J., Parra, L.A., Angelini, C., Lodge, D.J., Kerrigan, R.W. & Callac, P. (2021) The genus Agaricus in the Caribbean II. Refined phylogeny of Agaricus subg. Spissicaules with description of two new sections and eight new species. Mycological Progress 20 (4): 381–411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-021-01686-9
Parra, L.A. (2008) Agaricus L., Allopsalliota Nauta & Bas. Fungi Europaei 1. Edizioni Candusso, Alassio, Italy, 824 pp.
Saini, M.K., Harwinder, K. & Malik, N.A. (2018) The genus Agaricus (Agaricaceae, Agaricales) from India-a check list. Kavaka 51: 49–58.
Vu, D., Groenewald, M., De Vries, M., Gehrmann, T., Stielow, B., Eberhardt, U., Al-Hatmi, A., Groenewald, J.Z., Cardinali, G., Houbraken, J., Boekhout, T., Crous, P.W., Robert, V. & Verkley, G.J.M. (2019) Large-scale generation and analysis of filamentous fungal DNA barcodes boosts coverage for kingdom fungi and reveals thresholds for fungal species and higher taxon delimitation. Studies in Mycology 92: 135–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simyco.2018.05.001
White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S.J.W.T. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications 18 (1): 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1
Wisitrassameewong, K., Karunarathna, S.C., Thongklang, N., Zhao, R.L., Callac, P., Chukeatirote, E., Bahkali, A.H. & Hyde, K.D. (2012) Agaricus subrufescens: new to Thailand. Chiang Mai Journal of Science 39 (2): 281–291
Zhao, R.L., Hyde, K.D., Desjardin, D.E., Raspé, O., Soytong, K., Guinberteau, J., Karunarathna, S.C. & Callac, P. (2012) Agaricus flocculosipes sp. nov., a new potentially cultivatable species from the tropics. Mycoscience 53: 300–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10267-011-0169-5
Zhao, R.L., Karunarathna, S., Raspé, O., Parra, L.A., Guinberteau, J., Moinard, M., Kesel, A.D., Barroso, G., Courtecuisse, R., Hyde, K.D., Guelly, A.K., Desjardin, D.E. & Callac, P. (2011) Major clades in tropical Agaricus. Fungal Diversity 51: 279–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-011-0136-7
Zhao, R.L., Zhou, J.L., Chen, J., Margaritescu, S., Sánchez-Ramírez, S., Hyde, K.D., Callac, P., Parra, L.A., Li, G.J. & Moncalvo, J.M. (2016) Towards standardizing taxonomic ranks using divergence times-a case study for reconstruction of the Agaricus taxonomic system. Fungal Diversity 78: 239–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-016-0357-x
Zheng, J., Li, J., Song, Y., Wang, G. & Qiu, L. (2019) Agaricus rubripes sp. nov., a new species from Southern China. Nova Hedwigia 109: 233–246. https://doi.org/10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2019/0542
Zhou, J.L., Su, A.Y., Su, H.Y., Wang, B., Callac, P., Guinberteau, J., Hyde, K.D. & Zhao, R.L. (2016) A description of eleven new species of Agaricus sections Xanthodermatei and Hondenses collected from Tibet and the surrounding areas. Phytotaxa 257: 99–121. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.257.2.1