Abstract
Three new species from the Brazilian Cerrado phytogeographic domain, Eremanthus tomentosus, Lychnophora goiana and L. planaltina, are hereby described and illustrated. Eremanthus tomentosus occurs in southeastern Goiás, Distrito Federal and western Minas Gerais. It is characterized by its petiolate, adaxially tomentose leaves, heads fused for 3/4 of length, florets with villose corolla tube and cypsela with reddish glands at the base. Lychnophora goiana belongs to the L. granmogolensis species complex and is endemic to Serra Geral de Goiás in northeastern Goiás. It differs from other species of the complex by its outer pappus setae longer than or equal to the length of the cypsela, also displaying a unique combination of leaf characteristics (sparse tufts of small trichomes at the insertion, midrib adaxially impressed and abaxially winged and flattened). Lychnophora planaltina is endemic to the campos rupestres of Distrito Federal and is characterized by its adaxially bullate glaucous leaves, solitary syncephalium, heads with deciduous phyllaries and sparsely sericeous cypsela. The affinities of these species are discussed.
References
<p>Aguiar, R.D. (2015) <em>Uso do solo, cobertura vegetal e limites da área de relevante interesse ecológico do Capetinga/Taquara (Fazenda Água Limpa, Universidade De Brasília): subsídios ao manejo e proposta de recategorização</em>. Universidade de Brasília, Brasília. [Available from https://bdm.unb.br/bitstream/10483/13622/1/2015_RenataDinizAguiar.pd]</p>
<p>Aubertin, C. & Pinton, F. (2013) L’invention du biome Cerrado. <em>Confins – Revue franco-brésilienne de géographie / Revista franco-brasileira de geografia</em>. https://doi.org/10.4000/confins.8218</p>
<p>Bachman, S., Moat, J., Hill, A.W., Torre, J. de la & Scott, B. (2011) Supporting Red List threat assessments with GeoCAT: geospatial conservation assessment tool. <em>ZooKeys</em> 150: 117–126. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.150.2109</p>
<p>Baker, J.G. (1873) Compositae I. Vernoniaceae. <em>In</em>: Martius†, C.F.P. von & Eichler, A.W. (Eds.)<em> Flora brasiliensis</em>, vol. 6 (2). Fried. Fleischer, Münich, Vienna, Leipzig, pp. 5–180.</p>
<p>BFG (2018) Brazilian Flora 2020: Innovation and collaboration to meet Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC). <em>Rodriguésia </em>69: 1513–1527. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201869402</p>
<p>Carvalho, F.M.V., Marco Júnior, P. de & Ferreira, L.G. (2009) The Cerrado into-pieces: habitat fragmentation as a function of landscape use in the savannas of central Brazil. <em>Biological Conservation </em>142: 1392–1403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.01.031</p>
<p>Cavalcanti, R.B. & Joly, C.A. (2002) Biodiversity and conservation priorities in the Cerrado region. <em>In</em>: Oliveira, P.S. & Marquis, R.J. (Eds.) <em>The Cerrados of Brazil. Ecology and Natural History of a Neotropical Savanna</em>, Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 351–367. https://doi.org/10.7312/oliv12042-019</p>
<p>Coutinho, L.M. (1990) Fire in the ecology of the Brazilian Cerrado. <em>In</em>: Goldammer, J.G. (Ed.) <em>Fire in the Tropical Biota: Ecosystem Processes and Global Challenges</em>, Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 82–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75395-4_6</p>
<p>Duarte, A.P. (1974) Contribuição para o conhecimento de duas novas espécies do gênero <em>Haplostephium. Revista Brasileira de Biologia </em>34: 653–663.</p>
<p>Durigan, G. (2020) Zero-fire: not possible nor desirable in the Cerrado of Brazil. <em>Flora </em>268: 151612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2020.151612</p>
<p>Eiten, G. (1972) The cerrado vegetation of Brazil. <em>Botanical Review</em> 38: 201–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02859158</p>
<p>Ferreira, P.M.A. & Boldrini, I.I. (2011) Potential reflection of distinct ecological units in plant endemism category. <em>Conservation Biology</em> 25: 672–679. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01675.x</p>
<p>Fiaschi, P. & Pirani, J.R. (2009) Review of plant biogeographic studies in Brazil. <em>Journal of Systematics and Evolution </em>47: 477–496. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-6831.2009.00046.x</p>
<p>Françoso, R.D., Brandão, R., Nogueira, C.C., Salmona, Y.B., Machado, R.B. & Colli, G.R. (2015) Habitat loss and the effectiveness of protected areas in the Cerrado biodiversity hotspot. <em>Natureza & Conservação </em>13: 35–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncon.2015.04.001</p>
<p>Gardner, G. (1846) Contributions towards a Flora of Brazil, being the distinctive characters of some new species of Compositae, belonging to the tribe Vernoniaceae. <em>The London Journal of Botany </em>5: 209–242.</p>
<p>Gardner, G. (1847) Contributions towards a Flora of Brazil, being the characters of several new species of Compositae, belonging to the tribes Vernoniaceae and Eupatoriaceae, from the Province of Goyaz. <em>The London Journal of Botany</em> 6: 417–449.</p>
<p>Gaston, K.J. (1994) <em>Rarity</em>. Chapman & Hall, London, 205 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0701-3</p>
<p>Gomes, F.M.B & Loeuille, B. (2021) Three new species of <em>Lychnocephalus</em> (Asteraceae: Vernonieae) from Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, Brazil. <em>Systematic Botany </em>46: 476–485. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364421X16231782047587</p>
<p>Handro, W., Campos, J.F.B.M. & Oliveira, Z.M. (1970) Sobre a anatomia foliar de algumas Compostas dos campos rupestres.<em> Ciência e Cultura </em>22: 107–126.</p>
<p>Harris, J.G. & Harris, M.W. (2001) <em>Plant identification terminology: an illustrated glossary</em>. 2nd edition. Spring Lake Publishing, Spring Lake, 197 pp.</p>
<p>Hickey, L.J. (1973) Classification of the architecture of Dicotyledonous leaves. <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 60: 17–33. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1973.tb10192.x</p>
<p>Hind, D.J.N. (1994) New Compositae from the Serra do Grão Mogol (Mun. Grão Mogol, Minas Gerais, Brazil) and the Surrounding Area. <em>Kew Bulletin </em>49: 511–522. https://doi.org/10.2307/4114476</p>
<p>Hrdina, A. & Romportl, D. (2017) Evaluating global biodiversity hotspots – very rich and even more endangered. <em>Journal of Landscape Ecology</em> 10: 108–115. https://doi.org/10.1515/jlecol-2017-0013</p>
<p>IUCN (2012) IUCN <em>Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1</em>. Second edition. Available from: https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/10315 (accessed 25 June 2021)</p>
<p>IUCN (2019) <em>Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 14</em>. Available from: https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines (accessed 25 June 2021)</p>
<p>Kuntze, C.E.O. (1898)<em> Revisio Generum Plantarum</em>, vol. 3, pars 3. Arthur Felix, Leipzig, 576 pp.</p>
<p>Lessing, C.F. (1829) De synanthereis herbarii regii berolinensis dissertatio prima. Vernonieae. <em>Linnaea</em> 4: 240–356.</p>
<p>Loeuille, B., Semir, J., Lohmann, L.G. & Pirani, J.R. (2015) A Phylogenetic Analysis of Lychnophorinae (Asteraceae: Vernonieae) Based on Molecular and Morphological Data. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 40: 299–315. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364415X686585</p>
<p>Loeuille, B., Semir, J. & Pirani, J.R. (2019) A synopsis of the subtribe Lychnophorinae (Asteraceae: Vernonieae). <em>Phytotaxa</em> 398: 1–139. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.398.1.1</p>
<p>MacLeish, N.F.F. (1984) Eight new combinations in <em>Vernonia</em> (Compositae: Vernonieae).<em> Systematic Botany</em> 9: 133–136. https://doi.org/10.2307/2418817</p>
<p>MacLeish, N.F.F. (1987) Revision of <em>Eremanthus</em> (Compositae: Vernonieae). <em>Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden </em>74: 265–290. https://doi.org/10.2307/2399398</p>
<p>Martinelli, G. & Moraes, M.A. (2013) <em>Livro Vermelho da Flora do Brasil</em>. Andrea Jakobsson Estúdio, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 1100 pp.</p>
<p>Martins, E., Martinelli, G. & Loyola, R. (2018) Brazilian efforts towards achieving a comprehensive extinction risk assessment for its known flora. <em>Rodriguésia </em>69: 1529–1537. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201869403</p>
<p>Martius, C.F.P. von (1822) Novum plantarum genus <em>Lychnophora</em>. <em>Denkschriften der Königlich-Baierischen Botanischen Gesellschaft in Regensburg</em> 2: 148–159, tab. 4–10.</p>
<p>Mattfeld, J. (1923) (Compositae). <em>In</em>: Pilger, R. (Ed.) <em>Plantas Lützelburgianae brasilienses I. Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem</em> 8: 428–451.</p>
<p>Miranda, H.S., Bustamante, M.M. & Miranda, A.C. (2002) The fire factor. <em>In</em>: Oliveira, P.S. & Marquis, R.J. (Eds.) <em>The Cerrados of Brazil: Ecology and Natural History of a Neotropical Savanna</em>, Columbia University Press, New York City, pp. 51–61. https://doi.org/10.7312/oliv12042-005</p>
<p>Mittermeier, R.A., Turner, W.R., Larsen, F.W., Brooks, T.M. & Gascon, C. (2011) Global biodiversity conservation: the critical role of hotspots. <em>In</em>: Zachos, F.E. & Habel, J.C. (Eds.) <em>Biodiversity hotspots: distribution and protection of conservation priority areas</em>, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20992-5_1</p>
<p>Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., da Fonseca, G.A.B. & Kent, J. (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. <em>Nature</em> 403: 853–858. https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501</p>
<p>Nakajima, J.N., Junqueira, T.V., Freitas, F.S. & Teles, A.M. (2012) Comparative analysis of red lists of the Brazilian flora: Asteraceae. <em>Rodriguésia</em> 63: 39–54. https://doi.org/10.1590/S2175-78602012000100004</p>
<p>Pellens, R. & Grancolas, P. (2010) Conservation and management of the biodiversity in a hotspot characterized by short range endemism and rarity: the challenge of New Caledonia. <em>In</em>: Rescigno, V. & Maletta, S. (Eds.) <em>Biodiversity hotspots</em>. Nova Science Publishers Inc., New York, pp. 351–367.</p>
<p>Pivello, V.R. (2011) The use of fire in the Cerrado and amazonian rainforests of Brazil: past and present. <em>Fire Ecology </em>7: 24–39. https://doi.org/10.4996/fireecology.0701024</p>
<p>QGIS Development Team (2020) <em>QGIS Geographic Information System</em>. Open Source. Gossau, Switzerland; Geospatial Foundation Project. [Available from: http://qgis.osgeo.org]</p>
<p>Ratter, J.A., Ribeiro, J.F. & Bridgewater, S. (1997) The Brazilian Cerrado vegetation and threats to its biodiversity. <em>Annals of Botany </em>80: 223–230. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1997.0469</p>
<p>Ribeiro, J.F. & Walter, B.M.T. (2008) As principais fitofisionomias do bioma Cerrado. <em>In</em>: Sano, S.M., Almeida, S.P. & Ribeiro, J.F. (Eds.) <em>Cerrado: ecologia e flora</em>. EMBRAPA, Brasília, pp 151–212.</p>
<p>Roque, N., Nakajima, J., Heiden, G., Monge, M., Ritter, M.R., Loeuille, B.F.P., Christ, A.L., Rebouças, N.C., Castro, M.S., Saavedra, M.M., Teles, A.M., Gandara, A., Marques, D., Bringel Jr., J.B.A., Angulo, M.B., Santos, J.U.M.D., Souza-Buturi, F.O., Alves, M., Sancho, G., Reis-Silva, G.A., Volet, D.P., Hattori, E.K.O., Plos, A., Simão-Bianchini, R., Rivera, V.L., Magenta, M.A.G., Silva, G.H.L., Abreu, V.H.R., Grossi, M.A., Amorim, V.O., Schneider, A.A., Carneiro, C.R., Borges, R.A.X., Siniscalchi, C.M., Bueno, V.R., Via do Pico, G.M., Almeida, G.S.S., Freitas, F.S., Deble, L.P., Moreira, G.L., Contro, F.L., Gutiérrez, D.G., Souza-Souza, R.M.B., Viera Barreto, J.N., Soares, P.N., Quaresma, A.S., Picanço, W.L., Fernandes, F., Mondin, C.A., Salgado, V.G., Kilipper, J.T., Farco, G.E., Ribeiro, R.N., Walter, B.M.T., Lorencini, T.S., Fernandes, A.C., Silva, L.N., Barcelos, L.B., Barbosa, M.L., Bautista, H.P., Casas, J.C., Dematteis, M., Ferreira, S.C., Hiriart, F.D., Moraes, M.D. & Semir, J. (2020) Asteraceae in <em>Flora do Brasil</em> 2020. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available at: http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/floradobrasil/FB55 (accessed 26 May 2021)</p>
<p>Sano, E.E., Rodrigues, A.A., Martins, E.S., Bettiol, G.M., Bustamante, M.M.C., Bezerra, A.S., Couto Jr., A.F., Vasconcelos, V., Schüler, J. & Bolfe, E.L. (2019) Cerrado ecoregions: a spatial framework to assess and prioritize brazilian savanna environmental diversity for conservation. <em>Journal of Environmental Management</em> 232: 818–828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.108</p>
<p>Scarano, F.R., Ceotto, P., Medeiros, R. & Mittermeier, R.A. (2014) O bioma Cerrado: conservação e ameaças. <em>In</em>: Martinelli, G., Messina, T. & Santos Filho, L. (Eds.) <em>Livro vermelho da Flora do Brasil. Plantas raras do Cerrado</em>, Andrea Jakobsson Estúdio, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 320 pp.</p>
<p>Scariot, A., Souza-Silva, J.C. & Felfili, J.M. (Eds.) (2005) <em>Cerrado: ecologia; biodiversidade e conservação</em>, Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasília, 439 pp.</p>
<p>Schultz-Bipontinus, C.H. (1861) Cassiniaceae uniflorae, oder Verzeichniss der Cassiniaceen mit 1-blüthigen Köpfchen. <em>Jahresbericht der Pollichia, eines Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins der bayerischen Pfalz</em> 18/19: 157–190.</p>
<p>Semir, J. (1991) <em>Revisão taxonômica de Lychnophora Mart. (Vernonieae: Compositae)</em>. Unpublished Ph. D thesis. Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, 515 pp.</p>
<p>Semir, J., Loeuille, B. & Monge, M. (2014) The <em>Lychnophora granmogolensis</em> (Asteraceae–Vernonieae) Species Complex: Two New Species and Comments on the Identity of <em>Lychnophora granmogolensis</em>. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 39: 988–996. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364414X682193</p>
<p>Silva, J.M.C. da & Bates, J.M. (2002) Biogeographic patterns and conservation in the South American Cerrado: a tropical savanna hotspot. <em>BioScience</em> 52: 225–233. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0225:BPACIT]2.0.CO;2</p>
<p>Steinbauer, M.J., Field, R., Grytnes, J.A., Trigas, P., Ah., Peng, C., Attorre, F., Birks, H.J.B., Borges, P.A.V., Cardoso, P., Chou, C.-H., De Sanctis, M., de Sequeira, M.M., Duarte, M.C., Elias, R.B., Fernández-Palacios, J.M., Gabriel, R., Gereau, R.E., Gillespie, R.G., Greimler, J., Harter, D.E.V., Huang, T.-J., Irl, S.D.H., Jeanmonod, D., Jentsch, A., Jump, A.S., Kueffer, C., Nogué, S., Otto, R., Price, J., Romeiras, M.M., Strasberg, D., Stuessy, T., Svenning, J.-C., Vetaas, O.R. & De Sanctis, M. (2016) Topography-driven isolation, speciation and a global increase of endemism with elevation. <em>Global Ecology and Biogeography</em> 25: 1097–1107. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12469</p>
<p>Strassburg, B.B.N., Brooks, T., Feltran-Barbieri, R., Iribarrem, A., Crouzeilles, R., Loyola, R., Latawiec, A.E., Oliveira Filho, F.J.B., Scaramuzza, C.A. de M., Scarano, F.R., Soares-Filho, B. & Balmford, A. (2017) Moment of truth for the Cerrado hotspot. <em>Nature Ecology & Evolution </em>1: 0099. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0099</p>
<p>UNESCO (2003) Subsídios ao zoneamento da APA Gama-Cabeça de Veado e Reserva da Biosfera do Cerrado: caracterização e conflitos socioambientais. – Brasília: UNESCO, MAB, Reserva da Biosfera do Cerrado. Available from: http://www.ibram.df.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Subs%C3%ADdios-ao-Zoneamento-da-APA-Gama-Cabe%C3%A7a-de-Veado-e-Reserva-da-Biosfera-do-Cerrado-compactado.pdf (accessed 25 June 2021)</p>
<p>Aubertin, C. & Pinton, F. (2013) L’invention du biome Cerrado. <em>Confins – Revue franco-brésilienne de géographie / Revista franco-brasileira de geografia</em>. https://doi.org/10.4000/confins.8218</p>
<p>Bachman, S., Moat, J., Hill, A.W., Torre, J. de la & Scott, B. (2011) Supporting Red List threat assessments with GeoCAT: geospatial conservation assessment tool. <em>ZooKeys</em> 150: 117–126. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.150.2109</p>
<p>Baker, J.G. (1873) Compositae I. Vernoniaceae. <em>In</em>: Martius†, C.F.P. von & Eichler, A.W. (Eds.)<em> Flora brasiliensis</em>, vol. 6 (2). Fried. Fleischer, Münich, Vienna, Leipzig, pp. 5–180.</p>
<p>BFG (2018) Brazilian Flora 2020: Innovation and collaboration to meet Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC). <em>Rodriguésia </em>69: 1513–1527. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201869402</p>
<p>Carvalho, F.M.V., Marco Júnior, P. de & Ferreira, L.G. (2009) The Cerrado into-pieces: habitat fragmentation as a function of landscape use in the savannas of central Brazil. <em>Biological Conservation </em>142: 1392–1403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.01.031</p>
<p>Cavalcanti, R.B. & Joly, C.A. (2002) Biodiversity and conservation priorities in the Cerrado region. <em>In</em>: Oliveira, P.S. & Marquis, R.J. (Eds.) <em>The Cerrados of Brazil. Ecology and Natural History of a Neotropical Savanna</em>, Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 351–367. https://doi.org/10.7312/oliv12042-019</p>
<p>Coutinho, L.M. (1990) Fire in the ecology of the Brazilian Cerrado. <em>In</em>: Goldammer, J.G. (Ed.) <em>Fire in the Tropical Biota: Ecosystem Processes and Global Challenges</em>, Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 82–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75395-4_6</p>
<p>Duarte, A.P. (1974) Contribuição para o conhecimento de duas novas espécies do gênero <em>Haplostephium. Revista Brasileira de Biologia </em>34: 653–663.</p>
<p>Durigan, G. (2020) Zero-fire: not possible nor desirable in the Cerrado of Brazil. <em>Flora </em>268: 151612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2020.151612</p>
<p>Eiten, G. (1972) The cerrado vegetation of Brazil. <em>Botanical Review</em> 38: 201–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02859158</p>
<p>Ferreira, P.M.A. & Boldrini, I.I. (2011) Potential reflection of distinct ecological units in plant endemism category. <em>Conservation Biology</em> 25: 672–679. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01675.x</p>
<p>Fiaschi, P. & Pirani, J.R. (2009) Review of plant biogeographic studies in Brazil. <em>Journal of Systematics and Evolution </em>47: 477–496. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-6831.2009.00046.x</p>
<p>Françoso, R.D., Brandão, R., Nogueira, C.C., Salmona, Y.B., Machado, R.B. & Colli, G.R. (2015) Habitat loss and the effectiveness of protected areas in the Cerrado biodiversity hotspot. <em>Natureza & Conservação </em>13: 35–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncon.2015.04.001</p>
<p>Gardner, G. (1846) Contributions towards a Flora of Brazil, being the distinctive characters of some new species of Compositae, belonging to the tribe Vernoniaceae. <em>The London Journal of Botany </em>5: 209–242.</p>
<p>Gardner, G. (1847) Contributions towards a Flora of Brazil, being the characters of several new species of Compositae, belonging to the tribes Vernoniaceae and Eupatoriaceae, from the Province of Goyaz. <em>The London Journal of Botany</em> 6: 417–449.</p>
<p>Gaston, K.J. (1994) <em>Rarity</em>. Chapman & Hall, London, 205 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0701-3</p>
<p>Gomes, F.M.B & Loeuille, B. (2021) Three new species of <em>Lychnocephalus</em> (Asteraceae: Vernonieae) from Serra do Cipó, Minas Gerais, Brazil. <em>Systematic Botany </em>46: 476–485. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364421X16231782047587</p>
<p>Handro, W., Campos, J.F.B.M. & Oliveira, Z.M. (1970) Sobre a anatomia foliar de algumas Compostas dos campos rupestres.<em> Ciência e Cultura </em>22: 107–126.</p>
<p>Harris, J.G. & Harris, M.W. (2001) <em>Plant identification terminology: an illustrated glossary</em>. 2nd edition. Spring Lake Publishing, Spring Lake, 197 pp.</p>
<p>Hickey, L.J. (1973) Classification of the architecture of Dicotyledonous leaves. <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 60: 17–33. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1973.tb10192.x</p>
<p>Hind, D.J.N. (1994) New Compositae from the Serra do Grão Mogol (Mun. Grão Mogol, Minas Gerais, Brazil) and the Surrounding Area. <em>Kew Bulletin </em>49: 511–522. https://doi.org/10.2307/4114476</p>
<p>Hrdina, A. & Romportl, D. (2017) Evaluating global biodiversity hotspots – very rich and even more endangered. <em>Journal of Landscape Ecology</em> 10: 108–115. https://doi.org/10.1515/jlecol-2017-0013</p>
<p>IUCN (2012) IUCN <em>Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1</em>. Second edition. Available from: https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/10315 (accessed 25 June 2021)</p>
<p>IUCN (2019) <em>Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 14</em>. Available from: https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines (accessed 25 June 2021)</p>
<p>Kuntze, C.E.O. (1898)<em> Revisio Generum Plantarum</em>, vol. 3, pars 3. Arthur Felix, Leipzig, 576 pp.</p>
<p>Lessing, C.F. (1829) De synanthereis herbarii regii berolinensis dissertatio prima. Vernonieae. <em>Linnaea</em> 4: 240–356.</p>
<p>Loeuille, B., Semir, J., Lohmann, L.G. & Pirani, J.R. (2015) A Phylogenetic Analysis of Lychnophorinae (Asteraceae: Vernonieae) Based on Molecular and Morphological Data. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 40: 299–315. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364415X686585</p>
<p>Loeuille, B., Semir, J. & Pirani, J.R. (2019) A synopsis of the subtribe Lychnophorinae (Asteraceae: Vernonieae). <em>Phytotaxa</em> 398: 1–139. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.398.1.1</p>
<p>MacLeish, N.F.F. (1984) Eight new combinations in <em>Vernonia</em> (Compositae: Vernonieae).<em> Systematic Botany</em> 9: 133–136. https://doi.org/10.2307/2418817</p>
<p>MacLeish, N.F.F. (1987) Revision of <em>Eremanthus</em> (Compositae: Vernonieae). <em>Annals of Missouri Botanical Garden </em>74: 265–290. https://doi.org/10.2307/2399398</p>
<p>Martinelli, G. & Moraes, M.A. (2013) <em>Livro Vermelho da Flora do Brasil</em>. Andrea Jakobsson Estúdio, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 1100 pp.</p>
<p>Martins, E., Martinelli, G. & Loyola, R. (2018) Brazilian efforts towards achieving a comprehensive extinction risk assessment for its known flora. <em>Rodriguésia </em>69: 1529–1537. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201869403</p>
<p>Martius, C.F.P. von (1822) Novum plantarum genus <em>Lychnophora</em>. <em>Denkschriften der Königlich-Baierischen Botanischen Gesellschaft in Regensburg</em> 2: 148–159, tab. 4–10.</p>
<p>Mattfeld, J. (1923) (Compositae). <em>In</em>: Pilger, R. (Ed.) <em>Plantas Lützelburgianae brasilienses I. Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem</em> 8: 428–451.</p>
<p>Miranda, H.S., Bustamante, M.M. & Miranda, A.C. (2002) The fire factor. <em>In</em>: Oliveira, P.S. & Marquis, R.J. (Eds.) <em>The Cerrados of Brazil: Ecology and Natural History of a Neotropical Savanna</em>, Columbia University Press, New York City, pp. 51–61. https://doi.org/10.7312/oliv12042-005</p>
<p>Mittermeier, R.A., Turner, W.R., Larsen, F.W., Brooks, T.M. & Gascon, C. (2011) Global biodiversity conservation: the critical role of hotspots. <em>In</em>: Zachos, F.E. & Habel, J.C. (Eds.) <em>Biodiversity hotspots: distribution and protection of conservation priority areas</em>, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20992-5_1</p>
<p>Myers, N., Mittermeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., da Fonseca, G.A.B. & Kent, J. (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. <em>Nature</em> 403: 853–858. https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501</p>
<p>Nakajima, J.N., Junqueira, T.V., Freitas, F.S. & Teles, A.M. (2012) Comparative analysis of red lists of the Brazilian flora: Asteraceae. <em>Rodriguésia</em> 63: 39–54. https://doi.org/10.1590/S2175-78602012000100004</p>
<p>Pellens, R. & Grancolas, P. (2010) Conservation and management of the biodiversity in a hotspot characterized by short range endemism and rarity: the challenge of New Caledonia. <em>In</em>: Rescigno, V. & Maletta, S. (Eds.) <em>Biodiversity hotspots</em>. Nova Science Publishers Inc., New York, pp. 351–367.</p>
<p>Pivello, V.R. (2011) The use of fire in the Cerrado and amazonian rainforests of Brazil: past and present. <em>Fire Ecology </em>7: 24–39. https://doi.org/10.4996/fireecology.0701024</p>
<p>QGIS Development Team (2020) <em>QGIS Geographic Information System</em>. Open Source. Gossau, Switzerland; Geospatial Foundation Project. [Available from: http://qgis.osgeo.org]</p>
<p>Ratter, J.A., Ribeiro, J.F. & Bridgewater, S. (1997) The Brazilian Cerrado vegetation and threats to its biodiversity. <em>Annals of Botany </em>80: 223–230. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1997.0469</p>
<p>Ribeiro, J.F. & Walter, B.M.T. (2008) As principais fitofisionomias do bioma Cerrado. <em>In</em>: Sano, S.M., Almeida, S.P. & Ribeiro, J.F. (Eds.) <em>Cerrado: ecologia e flora</em>. EMBRAPA, Brasília, pp 151–212.</p>
<p>Roque, N., Nakajima, J., Heiden, G., Monge, M., Ritter, M.R., Loeuille, B.F.P., Christ, A.L., Rebouças, N.C., Castro, M.S., Saavedra, M.M., Teles, A.M., Gandara, A., Marques, D., Bringel Jr., J.B.A., Angulo, M.B., Santos, J.U.M.D., Souza-Buturi, F.O., Alves, M., Sancho, G., Reis-Silva, G.A., Volet, D.P., Hattori, E.K.O., Plos, A., Simão-Bianchini, R., Rivera, V.L., Magenta, M.A.G., Silva, G.H.L., Abreu, V.H.R., Grossi, M.A., Amorim, V.O., Schneider, A.A., Carneiro, C.R., Borges, R.A.X., Siniscalchi, C.M., Bueno, V.R., Via do Pico, G.M., Almeida, G.S.S., Freitas, F.S., Deble, L.P., Moreira, G.L., Contro, F.L., Gutiérrez, D.G., Souza-Souza, R.M.B., Viera Barreto, J.N., Soares, P.N., Quaresma, A.S., Picanço, W.L., Fernandes, F., Mondin, C.A., Salgado, V.G., Kilipper, J.T., Farco, G.E., Ribeiro, R.N., Walter, B.M.T., Lorencini, T.S., Fernandes, A.C., Silva, L.N., Barcelos, L.B., Barbosa, M.L., Bautista, H.P., Casas, J.C., Dematteis, M., Ferreira, S.C., Hiriart, F.D., Moraes, M.D. & Semir, J. (2020) Asteraceae in <em>Flora do Brasil</em> 2020. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available at: http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/reflora/floradobrasil/FB55 (accessed 26 May 2021)</p>
<p>Sano, E.E., Rodrigues, A.A., Martins, E.S., Bettiol, G.M., Bustamante, M.M.C., Bezerra, A.S., Couto Jr., A.F., Vasconcelos, V., Schüler, J. & Bolfe, E.L. (2019) Cerrado ecoregions: a spatial framework to assess and prioritize brazilian savanna environmental diversity for conservation. <em>Journal of Environmental Management</em> 232: 818–828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.108</p>
<p>Scarano, F.R., Ceotto, P., Medeiros, R. & Mittermeier, R.A. (2014) O bioma Cerrado: conservação e ameaças. <em>In</em>: Martinelli, G., Messina, T. & Santos Filho, L. (Eds.) <em>Livro vermelho da Flora do Brasil. Plantas raras do Cerrado</em>, Andrea Jakobsson Estúdio, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 320 pp.</p>
<p>Scariot, A., Souza-Silva, J.C. & Felfili, J.M. (Eds.) (2005) <em>Cerrado: ecologia; biodiversidade e conservação</em>, Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasília, 439 pp.</p>
<p>Schultz-Bipontinus, C.H. (1861) Cassiniaceae uniflorae, oder Verzeichniss der Cassiniaceen mit 1-blüthigen Köpfchen. <em>Jahresbericht der Pollichia, eines Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins der bayerischen Pfalz</em> 18/19: 157–190.</p>
<p>Semir, J. (1991) <em>Revisão taxonômica de Lychnophora Mart. (Vernonieae: Compositae)</em>. Unpublished Ph. D thesis. Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, 515 pp.</p>
<p>Semir, J., Loeuille, B. & Monge, M. (2014) The <em>Lychnophora granmogolensis</em> (Asteraceae–Vernonieae) Species Complex: Two New Species and Comments on the Identity of <em>Lychnophora granmogolensis</em>. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 39: 988–996. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364414X682193</p>
<p>Silva, J.M.C. da & Bates, J.M. (2002) Biogeographic patterns and conservation in the South American Cerrado: a tropical savanna hotspot. <em>BioScience</em> 52: 225–233. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0225:BPACIT]2.0.CO;2</p>
<p>Steinbauer, M.J., Field, R., Grytnes, J.A., Trigas, P., Ah., Peng, C., Attorre, F., Birks, H.J.B., Borges, P.A.V., Cardoso, P., Chou, C.-H., De Sanctis, M., de Sequeira, M.M., Duarte, M.C., Elias, R.B., Fernández-Palacios, J.M., Gabriel, R., Gereau, R.E., Gillespie, R.G., Greimler, J., Harter, D.E.V., Huang, T.-J., Irl, S.D.H., Jeanmonod, D., Jentsch, A., Jump, A.S., Kueffer, C., Nogué, S., Otto, R., Price, J., Romeiras, M.M., Strasberg, D., Stuessy, T., Svenning, J.-C., Vetaas, O.R. & De Sanctis, M. (2016) Topography-driven isolation, speciation and a global increase of endemism with elevation. <em>Global Ecology and Biogeography</em> 25: 1097–1107. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12469</p>
<p>Strassburg, B.B.N., Brooks, T., Feltran-Barbieri, R., Iribarrem, A., Crouzeilles, R., Loyola, R., Latawiec, A.E., Oliveira Filho, F.J.B., Scaramuzza, C.A. de M., Scarano, F.R., Soares-Filho, B. & Balmford, A. (2017) Moment of truth for the Cerrado hotspot. <em>Nature Ecology & Evolution </em>1: 0099. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0099</p>
<p>UNESCO (2003) Subsídios ao zoneamento da APA Gama-Cabeça de Veado e Reserva da Biosfera do Cerrado: caracterização e conflitos socioambientais. – Brasília: UNESCO, MAB, Reserva da Biosfera do Cerrado. Available from: http://www.ibram.df.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Subs%C3%ADdios-ao-Zoneamento-da-APA-Gama-Cabe%C3%A7a-de-Veado-e-Reserva-da-Biosfera-do-Cerrado-compactado.pdf (accessed 25 June 2021)</p>