Abstract
Knautia goecmenii, from Nif Mountain (İzmir) in western Anatolia (Turkey), is described as a new species based on morphological and molecular evidence. Its phylogenetic relationships within the genus are provided based on the nuclear-encoded ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood analyses of the molecular data clearly showed that K. goecmenii falls into a clade together with morphologically irrelevant annual species from sections Knautia and Tricheroides. From a morphological perspective, by having a suffrutescent and caespitose habitus with very rich stemmed base (up to 152 stems) without basal leaf rosettes and showing very pale whitish-lilac flowers, K. goecmenii is placed in a unique position within genus Knautia. Both the main morphological features of K. goecmenii and its phylogenetic position make difficult to accommodate it any extant Knautia sections. Finally, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) threat category is assessed and observations on the ecology of the only known population of this rare species are noted.
References
<p>Adanson, M. (1763) <em>Familles des plantes</em>, vol. 2. Vincent, Paris, 640 pp.</p>
<p>APG (1998) An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants. <em>Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</em> 85: 531–553. https://doi.org/10.2307/2992015</p>
<p>APG II (2003) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. <em>Botanical journal of the Linnean Society</em> 141: 399–436. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x</p>
<p>APG III (2009) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants. APG III. <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</em> 161: 105–121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x</p>
<p>APG IV (2016) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. <em>Botanical</em> <em>Journal of the Linnean Society</em> 181: 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385</p>
<p>Beck von Mannagetta & Lerchenau, G. (1893) <em>Flora von Nieder-Osterreich</em>, vol. 2 (2). C. Gerold, Wein, 1396 pp.</p>
<p>Bell, C.D., Edwards, E.J., Kim, S.T. & Donoghue, M.J. (2001) Dipsacales phylogeny based on chloroplast DNA sequences. <em>Harvard Papers in Botany</em> 6: 481–499.</p>
<p>Berchtold, F. & Presl, J.S. (1820) <em>O Přirozenosti Rostlin</em>. Krala Wiljma Endersa, Prague, 322 pp. + 2 errata.</p>
<p>Bertoloni, A. (1835) <em>Flora italica</em>, vol. 2 (1). Ex Typographiaeo Richardi Masii, Bononiae [Bologna], 128 pp.</p>
<p>Borbás, V. von (1894) Flora von Oesterreich-Ungarn. Fiume, Slavonien und Kroatien (vom April 1892 bis April 1894).<em> Österreich Botanische Zeitschrift </em>44: 397–400.</p>
<p>Borbás, V. von (1904) <em>Revisione Knautiarum. </em>Typis Alberti Kovács de Nagyajta, Kolosvárini, 110 pp.</p>
<p>Briquet, J.I. (1902) Les <em>Knautia</em> du Sud-Ouest de la Suisse, du Jura et de las Savoie, comprenant des descriptions et observations sur diverses autres espèces ou forms européennes. <em>Annuaire du Conservatoire & du Jardin Botaniques de Genève</em> 6: 60–142.</p>
<p>Burnett, G.T. (1835) <em>Outlines of botany, including a general history of the vegetable kingdom, in which plants are arranged according to the system of natural affinities</em>, vol. 1<em>.</em> H. Renshaw, London, 518 pp.</p>
<p>Candolle, A.P. de (1830) <em>Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis</em>, vol. 4<em>. </em>Sumptibus Treuttel et Würtz, Paris, 683 pp.</p>
<p>Coulter, T. (1823) <em>Mémoire sur les Dipsacées.</em> J.J. Paschoud, Genève & Paris, 50 pp.</p>
<p>Devesa, J.A. (1984) <em>Pseudoscabiosa</em>, género nuevo de <em>Dipsacaceae</em>.<em> Lagascalia</em> 12 (2): 213–221.</p>
<p>Devesa, J.A., Gonzalo, R. & Herrero, A. (Eds.) (2007) <em>Flora iberica (Rubiaceae-Dipsacaceae</em>), vol. 15. Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid, 449 pp.</p>
<p>Dinsmore, J.E. (1932)<em> Plantae Postianae et Dinsmorianae</em>, vol. 1. Publications of the American University of Beirut, pp. 7.</p>
<p>Donoghue, M.J., Eriksson, T., Reeves, P.A. & Olmstead, R.G. (2001) Phylogeny and phylogenetic taxonomy of Dipsacales, with special reference to Sinadoxa and Tetradoxa (Adoxaceae). <em>Harvard Papers in Botany </em>6: 459–479.</p>
<p>Donoghue, M.J., Bell, C.D. & Winkworth, R.C. (2003) The evolution of reproductive characters in Dipsacales. <em>International Journal of Plant Sciences</em> 164 (5 Suppl.): S453–S464. https://doi.org/10.1086/376874</p>
<p>Eaton, A. (1836) <em>A Botanical Dictionary</em>, 4<sup>th</sup> edition<em>.</em> O. Steele, Albany, 125 pp.</p>
<p>Ehrendorfer, F. (1962) Beiträge zur Phylogenie der Gattung <em>Knautia</em> (Dipsacaceae), I. Cytologische Grundlagen und allgemeine Hinweise. <em>Österreich Botanische Zeitschrift </em>109: 276–343.</p>
<p>Font Quer, P. (1920) Contribució al coneixement de la flora catalana occidental. <em>Treballs del Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona</em> 5 (3): 193–233.</p>
<p>Formánek, E. (1895) Beitrag zur Flora von Albanien, Korfü und Epirus. <em>Verhandlungen des Naturforschenden Vereins</em> <em>Brünn</em> 33: 109–159.</p>
<p>Fukuoka, N. (1972) Taxonomic study of the Caprifoliaceae. <em>Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Series of Biology</em> 6: 15–58.</p>
<p>GBIF (2001) <em>Global Biodiversity Information Facility.</em> Available from: https://www.gbif.org/ (accessed 7 January 2021)</p>
<p>Göktürk, S.R. (2012) <em>Knautia</em> L. <em>In</em>: Güner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M. & Babaç, M.T. (Eds.) <em>Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi (Damarlı Bitkiler). </em>Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını, İstanbul, pp. 317–318.</p>
<p>Güner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M. & Babaç, M.T. (2012) <em>Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi (Damarlı Bitkiler).</em> Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını, Istanbul, 658 pp.</p>
<p>Haller, A. von (1768) <em>Historia Stirpium Indigenarum Helvetiae Inchoata</em>, vol. 1<em>.</em> Sumptibus Societatis Typographicae, Bernae, 444 pp. + 20 pl.</p>
<p>Haussknecht, H.C. (1897) Drei neue Cruciferen-Gattungen der orientalischen Flora. <em>Mittheilungen des Thüringischen Botanischen Vereins </em>n. s., 11: 68–76.</p>
<p>Heuffel, J.A. (1856) Die Ungarn vorkommenden Arten der Gattung Knautia Coult., nebst einingen Bemerkungen. <em>Flora</em> 39: 49–56.</p>
<p>Hoffmannsegg, J.C.G. von & Link, J.H.F. (1820) <em>Flore portugaise</em>, vol. 1. Imprimerie de Ch.F. Amelang, Berlin, 458 pp. + 75 pl.</p>
<p>Höck, F. (1902) Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen der Valerianaceen und Dispsacaceen. <em>Botanische Jahrbücher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie</em> 31: 405–411.</p>
<p>IUCN. (2016) The IUCN red list of threatened species. Version 2016.1. Published on the Internet: http://www.iucnredlist.org/ (accessed January 2020)</p>
<p>Jacobs, B., Pyck, N. & Smets, E. (2010) Phylogeny of the Linnaea clade: are <em>Abelia</em> and <em>Zabelia</em> closely related? <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</em> 57: 741–752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.08.007</p>
<p>Judd, W.S., Sanders, R.W. & Donoghue, M.J. (1994) Angiosperm family pairs – preliminary phylogenetic analyses. <em>Harvard Papers in Botany</em> 5: 1–51.</p>
<p>Judd, W.S., Campbell, C.S., Kellogg, E.A. & Stevens, P.F. (1999) <em>Plant systematics – a phylogenetic approach.</em> Sinauer, Sunderland, 464 pp.</p>
<p>Judd, W.S., Campbell, C.S., Kellogg, E.A., Stevens, P.F. & Donoghue, M.J. (2002) <em>Plant systematics – a phylogenetic approach</em>, 2nd ed. Sinauer, Sunderland, 567 pp.</p>
<p>Jussieu, A.L. de (1789) <em>Genera plantarum</em>. Herissant & Barrois, Paris, 498 pp. + 1 errata.</p>
<p>Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C. & Tamura, K. (2018) MEGA X: Molecular evolutionary Genetics analysis across computing platforms. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> 35: 1547–1549. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy096</p>
<p>Larkin, M.A., Blackshields, G., Brown, N.P., Chenna, R., McGettigan, P.A., McWilliam, H., Valentin, F., Wallace, I.M., Wilm, A., López, R., Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J. & Higgins, D.G. (2007) Clustal W and Clustal X Version 2.0. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 23: 2947–2948. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btm404</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species plantarum</em>, vol. 1. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 560 pp.</p>
<p>López González, G. (1987) <em>Pterocephalidium</em>, un nuevo género ibérico de la familia <em>Dipsacaceae</em>. <em>Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid</em> 43: 245–252.</p>
<p>Matthews, V.A. (1972) <em>Knautia </em>L. <em>In:</em> Davis, P.H. (Ed.) <em>Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands</em>, vol. 1. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp. 598–601.</p>
<p>Mayer, V. (2016) Dipsacaceae. <em>In:</em> Kadereit, J.W. & Bittrich, V. (Eds.) <em>The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants</em>, vol. 14 [<em>Flowering plants, eudicots, Aquifoliales, Boraginales, Bruniales, Dipsacales, Escalloniales, Garryales, Paracryphiales, Solanales (except Convolvulaceae), Icacinaceae, Metteniusaceae, Vahliaceae</em>] Springer, Berlin, pp. 145–163.</p>
<p>Mayer, V. & Ehrendorfer, F. (2013) The phylogenetic position of <em>Pterocephalidium</em> and the new African genus <em>Pterothamnus</em> within an improved classification of Dipsacaceae. <em>Taxon</em> 62: 112–126.</p>
<p>Mayer, V. & Svoma, E. (1998) Development and function of the elaiosome in <em>Knautia</em> (Dipsacaceae). <em>Botanica Acta</em> 111: 402–410.</p>
<p>Menemen, Y., Aytaç, Z. & Kandemir, A. (2013) Türkçe bilimsel bitki adları yönergesi. <em>Bağbahçe Bilim Dergisi</em> 47: 28–31.</p>
<p>Murbeck, S.S. (1891) Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Flora von Südbosnien und der Hercegovina. <em>Lunds Universitet Årsskrift </em>27: 1–182.</p>
<p>Niu, Y.T., Barrett, R.L., Zhang, Z.Z., Lu, L.M. & Chen, Z.D. (2019) Taxonomic revision of <em>Triplostegia</em> (Caprifoliaceae: Dipsacales). <em>Phytotaxa</em> 392: 19–32. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.392.1.2</p>
<p>Özüdoğru, B. & Mummenhoff, K. (2020) Phylogenetic and biogeographical history confirm the Anatolian origin of <em>Bornmuellera</em> (Brassicaceae) and clade divergence between Anatolia and the Balkans in the Plio-Pleistocene transition. <em>Turkish Journal of Botany</em> 44: 593–603. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-2007-42</p>
<p>POWO (2020) <em>Plants of the World Online</em>. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet: http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/ (retrieved January 2020)</p>
<p>Rafinesque, C.S. (1820) Tableau analytique des ordres naturels, familles naturelles et genres, de la classe Endogynie, sous classe Corisantherie.<em> Annales Générales des Sciences Physiques</em> 6: 76–89.</p>
<p>Rafinesque, C.S. (1838) <em>Flora Telluriana</em>, vol. 4. H. Probasco, Philadelphia, 135 pp.</p>
<p>Reichenbach, H.G.L. (1831) <em>Flora Germanica Excursoria</em>, vol. 1 (3). C. Cnobloch, Lipsiae, 434 pp.</p>
<p>Rešetnik, I., Frajman, B., Bogdanović, S., Ehrendorfer, F. & Schönswetter, P. (2014) Disentangling relationships among the diploid members of the intricate genus <em>Knautia</em> (Caprifoliaceae, Dipsacoideae). <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</em> 74: 97–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.01.028</p>
<p>Reveal, J.L. (2012) An outline of a classification system for extant flowering plants. <em>Phytoneuron</em> 2012 (37): 1–221.</p>
<p>Roemer, J.J. & Schultes, J.A. (1818) <em>Systema vegetabilium, Editio nova, speciebus inde ab editione XV</em>. <em>Detectis aucta et locupletata</em>, vol. 3 (1). Sumtibus J.G. Cottae, Stuttgardtiae, 584 pp.</p>
<p>Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2003) MrBayes 3: Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference under Mixed Models. <em>Bioinformatics </em>19: 1572–1574. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180</p>
<p>Schultes, J.A. (1809) <em>Observationes botanicae in Linnei Species plantarum ex editione C.L. Willdenow</em>. Sumptibus Officinae Librariae Wagnerianae, Oeniponti [Innsbruck], 220 pp.</p>
<p>Shishkin, B.K. (Ed.) (1957) <em>Flora of the U.S.S.R.</em>, vol. 24 [Dipsacaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Campanulaceae]<em>.</em> Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moskova-Leningrad, pp. 410.</p>
<p>Sommier, C.P.S. & Levier, E. (1893) Plantarum Caucasi novarum vel minus cognitarum. Manipulus secundus.<em> Trudy Imperatorskago S.-Peterburgskago Botaniceskago Sada</em> [<em>Acta Horti Petropolitani</em>] 13: 23–53.</p>
<p>Stamatakis, A. (2006) RA×ML-VI-HPC: Maximum Likelihood-Based Phylogenetic Analyses with Thousands of Taxa and Mixed Models. <em>Bioinformatics </em>22: 2688–2690.</p>
<p>Stevens, P.F. (2001) <em>Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14,</em> <em>July 2017.</em> [Continuously updated]. Available from: http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/ (accessed 7 January 2021)</p>
<p>Sudhir, K., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C. & Tamura, K. (2018) MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> 35 (6): 1547–1549.</p>
<p>Szabó, Z. von (1910) De Knautiis Herbarii Dris A. de Degen. <em>Magyar Botanikai Lapok</em> 9: 36–60.</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2020) [continuously updated] <em>Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff</em>. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/ (accessed 7 January 2021)</p>
<p>Tutin, G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1977) <em>Flora europaea,</em> vol. 4. [Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 505 pp.</p>
<p>Van Tieghem, P. (1909) Remarques sur les Dipsacacées. <em>Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique, </em>ser. 9, 10: 148–200.</p>
<p>Wang, H.X., D.F. Morales-Briones, D.F., Moore, M.J., Wen, J. & Wang, H.F. (2021) A phylogenomic perspective on gene tree conflict and character evolution in Caprifoliaceae using target enrichment data, with Zabelioideae recognized as a new subfamily. <em>Journal of Systematics and Evolution</em> 59: 897–914.</p>
<p>Willkomm, H.M. (1893) <em>Supplementum prodromi florae hispanicae.</em> E. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, 370 pp. </p>
<p>Winkworth, R.C., Bell, C.D. & Donoghue, M.J. (2008a) Mitochondrial sequence data and Dipsacales phylogeny: mixed models, partitioned Bayesian analyses, and model selection. <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</em> 46: 830–843.</p>
<p>Winkworth, R.C., Lundberg, J. & Donoghue, M.J. (2008b) Toward a resolution of Campanulid phylogeny, with special reference to the placement of Dipsacales. <em>Taxon</em> 57: 53–95.</p>
<p>Xiang, C.-L., Dong, H.-J., Landrein, S., Zhao, F., Yu, W.-B., Soltis, D., Soltis, E., Pamela, S., Backlund, A., Wang, H.-F., Li, D.-Z. & Peng, H. (2019) Revisiting the phylogeny of Dipsacales: new insights from phylogenomic analyses of complete plastomic sequences. J<em>ournal of Systematics and Evolution </em>58: 103–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12526</p>
<p>Yıldırım, H. (2013) <em>Campanula mugeana</em> <em>sp. nov.</em> (Campanulaceae) from western Anatolia, Turkey. <em>Nordic Journal of Botany</em> 31: 419–425.</p>
<p>Zhang, W.H., Chen, J.D., Li, J., Chen, H.B. & Tang, Y.C. (2003) Phylogeny of the Dipsacales s.l. based on chloroplast trnL-F and ndhF sequences. <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution </em>26: 176–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00303-2</p>
<p>APG (1998) An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants. <em>Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden</em> 85: 531–553. https://doi.org/10.2307/2992015</p>
<p>APG II (2003) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. <em>Botanical journal of the Linnean Society</em> 141: 399–436. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x</p>
<p>APG III (2009) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants. APG III. <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</em> 161: 105–121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x</p>
<p>APG IV (2016) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. <em>Botanical</em> <em>Journal of the Linnean Society</em> 181: 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385</p>
<p>Beck von Mannagetta & Lerchenau, G. (1893) <em>Flora von Nieder-Osterreich</em>, vol. 2 (2). C. Gerold, Wein, 1396 pp.</p>
<p>Bell, C.D., Edwards, E.J., Kim, S.T. & Donoghue, M.J. (2001) Dipsacales phylogeny based on chloroplast DNA sequences. <em>Harvard Papers in Botany</em> 6: 481–499.</p>
<p>Berchtold, F. & Presl, J.S. (1820) <em>O Přirozenosti Rostlin</em>. Krala Wiljma Endersa, Prague, 322 pp. + 2 errata.</p>
<p>Bertoloni, A. (1835) <em>Flora italica</em>, vol. 2 (1). Ex Typographiaeo Richardi Masii, Bononiae [Bologna], 128 pp.</p>
<p>Borbás, V. von (1894) Flora von Oesterreich-Ungarn. Fiume, Slavonien und Kroatien (vom April 1892 bis April 1894).<em> Österreich Botanische Zeitschrift </em>44: 397–400.</p>
<p>Borbás, V. von (1904) <em>Revisione Knautiarum. </em>Typis Alberti Kovács de Nagyajta, Kolosvárini, 110 pp.</p>
<p>Briquet, J.I. (1902) Les <em>Knautia</em> du Sud-Ouest de la Suisse, du Jura et de las Savoie, comprenant des descriptions et observations sur diverses autres espèces ou forms européennes. <em>Annuaire du Conservatoire & du Jardin Botaniques de Genève</em> 6: 60–142.</p>
<p>Burnett, G.T. (1835) <em>Outlines of botany, including a general history of the vegetable kingdom, in which plants are arranged according to the system of natural affinities</em>, vol. 1<em>.</em> H. Renshaw, London, 518 pp.</p>
<p>Candolle, A.P. de (1830) <em>Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis</em>, vol. 4<em>. </em>Sumptibus Treuttel et Würtz, Paris, 683 pp.</p>
<p>Coulter, T. (1823) <em>Mémoire sur les Dipsacées.</em> J.J. Paschoud, Genève & Paris, 50 pp.</p>
<p>Devesa, J.A. (1984) <em>Pseudoscabiosa</em>, género nuevo de <em>Dipsacaceae</em>.<em> Lagascalia</em> 12 (2): 213–221.</p>
<p>Devesa, J.A., Gonzalo, R. & Herrero, A. (Eds.) (2007) <em>Flora iberica (Rubiaceae-Dipsacaceae</em>), vol. 15. Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid, 449 pp.</p>
<p>Dinsmore, J.E. (1932)<em> Plantae Postianae et Dinsmorianae</em>, vol. 1. Publications of the American University of Beirut, pp. 7.</p>
<p>Donoghue, M.J., Eriksson, T., Reeves, P.A. & Olmstead, R.G. (2001) Phylogeny and phylogenetic taxonomy of Dipsacales, with special reference to Sinadoxa and Tetradoxa (Adoxaceae). <em>Harvard Papers in Botany </em>6: 459–479.</p>
<p>Donoghue, M.J., Bell, C.D. & Winkworth, R.C. (2003) The evolution of reproductive characters in Dipsacales. <em>International Journal of Plant Sciences</em> 164 (5 Suppl.): S453–S464. https://doi.org/10.1086/376874</p>
<p>Eaton, A. (1836) <em>A Botanical Dictionary</em>, 4<sup>th</sup> edition<em>.</em> O. Steele, Albany, 125 pp.</p>
<p>Ehrendorfer, F. (1962) Beiträge zur Phylogenie der Gattung <em>Knautia</em> (Dipsacaceae), I. Cytologische Grundlagen und allgemeine Hinweise. <em>Österreich Botanische Zeitschrift </em>109: 276–343.</p>
<p>Font Quer, P. (1920) Contribució al coneixement de la flora catalana occidental. <em>Treballs del Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona</em> 5 (3): 193–233.</p>
<p>Formánek, E. (1895) Beitrag zur Flora von Albanien, Korfü und Epirus. <em>Verhandlungen des Naturforschenden Vereins</em> <em>Brünn</em> 33: 109–159.</p>
<p>Fukuoka, N. (1972) Taxonomic study of the Caprifoliaceae. <em>Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Series of Biology</em> 6: 15–58.</p>
<p>GBIF (2001) <em>Global Biodiversity Information Facility.</em> Available from: https://www.gbif.org/ (accessed 7 January 2021)</p>
<p>Göktürk, S.R. (2012) <em>Knautia</em> L. <em>In</em>: Güner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M. & Babaç, M.T. (Eds.) <em>Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi (Damarlı Bitkiler). </em>Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını, İstanbul, pp. 317–318.</p>
<p>Güner, A., Aslan, S., Ekim, T., Vural, M. & Babaç, M.T. (2012) <em>Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi (Damarlı Bitkiler).</em> Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını, Istanbul, 658 pp.</p>
<p>Haller, A. von (1768) <em>Historia Stirpium Indigenarum Helvetiae Inchoata</em>, vol. 1<em>.</em> Sumptibus Societatis Typographicae, Bernae, 444 pp. + 20 pl.</p>
<p>Haussknecht, H.C. (1897) Drei neue Cruciferen-Gattungen der orientalischen Flora. <em>Mittheilungen des Thüringischen Botanischen Vereins </em>n. s., 11: 68–76.</p>
<p>Heuffel, J.A. (1856) Die Ungarn vorkommenden Arten der Gattung Knautia Coult., nebst einingen Bemerkungen. <em>Flora</em> 39: 49–56.</p>
<p>Hoffmannsegg, J.C.G. von & Link, J.H.F. (1820) <em>Flore portugaise</em>, vol. 1. Imprimerie de Ch.F. Amelang, Berlin, 458 pp. + 75 pl.</p>
<p>Höck, F. (1902) Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen der Valerianaceen und Dispsacaceen. <em>Botanische Jahrbücher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie</em> 31: 405–411.</p>
<p>IUCN. (2016) The IUCN red list of threatened species. Version 2016.1. Published on the Internet: http://www.iucnredlist.org/ (accessed January 2020)</p>
<p>Jacobs, B., Pyck, N. & Smets, E. (2010) Phylogeny of the Linnaea clade: are <em>Abelia</em> and <em>Zabelia</em> closely related? <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</em> 57: 741–752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.08.007</p>
<p>Judd, W.S., Sanders, R.W. & Donoghue, M.J. (1994) Angiosperm family pairs – preliminary phylogenetic analyses. <em>Harvard Papers in Botany</em> 5: 1–51.</p>
<p>Judd, W.S., Campbell, C.S., Kellogg, E.A. & Stevens, P.F. (1999) <em>Plant systematics – a phylogenetic approach.</em> Sinauer, Sunderland, 464 pp.</p>
<p>Judd, W.S., Campbell, C.S., Kellogg, E.A., Stevens, P.F. & Donoghue, M.J. (2002) <em>Plant systematics – a phylogenetic approach</em>, 2nd ed. Sinauer, Sunderland, 567 pp.</p>
<p>Jussieu, A.L. de (1789) <em>Genera plantarum</em>. Herissant & Barrois, Paris, 498 pp. + 1 errata.</p>
<p>Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C. & Tamura, K. (2018) MEGA X: Molecular evolutionary Genetics analysis across computing platforms. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> 35: 1547–1549. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy096</p>
<p>Larkin, M.A., Blackshields, G., Brown, N.P., Chenna, R., McGettigan, P.A., McWilliam, H., Valentin, F., Wallace, I.M., Wilm, A., López, R., Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J. & Higgins, D.G. (2007) Clustal W and Clustal X Version 2.0. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 23: 2947–2948. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btm404</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. (1753) <em>Species plantarum</em>, vol. 1. Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 560 pp.</p>
<p>López González, G. (1987) <em>Pterocephalidium</em>, un nuevo género ibérico de la familia <em>Dipsacaceae</em>. <em>Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid</em> 43: 245–252.</p>
<p>Matthews, V.A. (1972) <em>Knautia </em>L. <em>In:</em> Davis, P.H. (Ed.) <em>Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands</em>, vol. 1. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp. 598–601.</p>
<p>Mayer, V. (2016) Dipsacaceae. <em>In:</em> Kadereit, J.W. & Bittrich, V. (Eds.) <em>The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants</em>, vol. 14 [<em>Flowering plants, eudicots, Aquifoliales, Boraginales, Bruniales, Dipsacales, Escalloniales, Garryales, Paracryphiales, Solanales (except Convolvulaceae), Icacinaceae, Metteniusaceae, Vahliaceae</em>] Springer, Berlin, pp. 145–163.</p>
<p>Mayer, V. & Ehrendorfer, F. (2013) The phylogenetic position of <em>Pterocephalidium</em> and the new African genus <em>Pterothamnus</em> within an improved classification of Dipsacaceae. <em>Taxon</em> 62: 112–126.</p>
<p>Mayer, V. & Svoma, E. (1998) Development and function of the elaiosome in <em>Knautia</em> (Dipsacaceae). <em>Botanica Acta</em> 111: 402–410.</p>
<p>Menemen, Y., Aytaç, Z. & Kandemir, A. (2013) Türkçe bilimsel bitki adları yönergesi. <em>Bağbahçe Bilim Dergisi</em> 47: 28–31.</p>
<p>Murbeck, S.S. (1891) Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Flora von Südbosnien und der Hercegovina. <em>Lunds Universitet Årsskrift </em>27: 1–182.</p>
<p>Niu, Y.T., Barrett, R.L., Zhang, Z.Z., Lu, L.M. & Chen, Z.D. (2019) Taxonomic revision of <em>Triplostegia</em> (Caprifoliaceae: Dipsacales). <em>Phytotaxa</em> 392: 19–32. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.392.1.2</p>
<p>Özüdoğru, B. & Mummenhoff, K. (2020) Phylogenetic and biogeographical history confirm the Anatolian origin of <em>Bornmuellera</em> (Brassicaceae) and clade divergence between Anatolia and the Balkans in the Plio-Pleistocene transition. <em>Turkish Journal of Botany</em> 44: 593–603. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-2007-42</p>
<p>POWO (2020) <em>Plants of the World Online</em>. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet: http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/ (retrieved January 2020)</p>
<p>Rafinesque, C.S. (1820) Tableau analytique des ordres naturels, familles naturelles et genres, de la classe Endogynie, sous classe Corisantherie.<em> Annales Générales des Sciences Physiques</em> 6: 76–89.</p>
<p>Rafinesque, C.S. (1838) <em>Flora Telluriana</em>, vol. 4. H. Probasco, Philadelphia, 135 pp.</p>
<p>Reichenbach, H.G.L. (1831) <em>Flora Germanica Excursoria</em>, vol. 1 (3). C. Cnobloch, Lipsiae, 434 pp.</p>
<p>Rešetnik, I., Frajman, B., Bogdanović, S., Ehrendorfer, F. & Schönswetter, P. (2014) Disentangling relationships among the diploid members of the intricate genus <em>Knautia</em> (Caprifoliaceae, Dipsacoideae). <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</em> 74: 97–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.01.028</p>
<p>Reveal, J.L. (2012) An outline of a classification system for extant flowering plants. <em>Phytoneuron</em> 2012 (37): 1–221.</p>
<p>Roemer, J.J. & Schultes, J.A. (1818) <em>Systema vegetabilium, Editio nova, speciebus inde ab editione XV</em>. <em>Detectis aucta et locupletata</em>, vol. 3 (1). Sumtibus J.G. Cottae, Stuttgardtiae, 584 pp.</p>
<p>Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2003) MrBayes 3: Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference under Mixed Models. <em>Bioinformatics </em>19: 1572–1574. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180</p>
<p>Schultes, J.A. (1809) <em>Observationes botanicae in Linnei Species plantarum ex editione C.L. Willdenow</em>. Sumptibus Officinae Librariae Wagnerianae, Oeniponti [Innsbruck], 220 pp.</p>
<p>Shishkin, B.K. (Ed.) (1957) <em>Flora of the U.S.S.R.</em>, vol. 24 [Dipsacaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Campanulaceae]<em>.</em> Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moskova-Leningrad, pp. 410.</p>
<p>Sommier, C.P.S. & Levier, E. (1893) Plantarum Caucasi novarum vel minus cognitarum. Manipulus secundus.<em> Trudy Imperatorskago S.-Peterburgskago Botaniceskago Sada</em> [<em>Acta Horti Petropolitani</em>] 13: 23–53.</p>
<p>Stamatakis, A. (2006) RA×ML-VI-HPC: Maximum Likelihood-Based Phylogenetic Analyses with Thousands of Taxa and Mixed Models. <em>Bioinformatics </em>22: 2688–2690.</p>
<p>Stevens, P.F. (2001) <em>Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14,</em> <em>July 2017.</em> [Continuously updated]. Available from: http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/ (accessed 7 January 2021)</p>
<p>Sudhir, K., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C. & Tamura, K. (2018) MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> 35 (6): 1547–1549.</p>
<p>Szabó, Z. von (1910) De Knautiis Herbarii Dris A. de Degen. <em>Magyar Botanikai Lapok</em> 9: 36–60.</p>
<p>Thiers, B. (2020) [continuously updated] <em>Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff</em>. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/ (accessed 7 January 2021)</p>
<p>Tutin, G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. (1977) <em>Flora europaea,</em> vol. 4. [Plantaginaceae to Compositae (and Rubiaceae)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 505 pp.</p>
<p>Van Tieghem, P. (1909) Remarques sur les Dipsacacées. <em>Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique, </em>ser. 9, 10: 148–200.</p>
<p>Wang, H.X., D.F. Morales-Briones, D.F., Moore, M.J., Wen, J. & Wang, H.F. (2021) A phylogenomic perspective on gene tree conflict and character evolution in Caprifoliaceae using target enrichment data, with Zabelioideae recognized as a new subfamily. <em>Journal of Systematics and Evolution</em> 59: 897–914.</p>
<p>Willkomm, H.M. (1893) <em>Supplementum prodromi florae hispanicae.</em> E. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, 370 pp. </p>
<p>Winkworth, R.C., Bell, C.D. & Donoghue, M.J. (2008a) Mitochondrial sequence data and Dipsacales phylogeny: mixed models, partitioned Bayesian analyses, and model selection. <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</em> 46: 830–843.</p>
<p>Winkworth, R.C., Lundberg, J. & Donoghue, M.J. (2008b) Toward a resolution of Campanulid phylogeny, with special reference to the placement of Dipsacales. <em>Taxon</em> 57: 53–95.</p>
<p>Xiang, C.-L., Dong, H.-J., Landrein, S., Zhao, F., Yu, W.-B., Soltis, D., Soltis, E., Pamela, S., Backlund, A., Wang, H.-F., Li, D.-Z. & Peng, H. (2019) Revisiting the phylogeny of Dipsacales: new insights from phylogenomic analyses of complete plastomic sequences. J<em>ournal of Systematics and Evolution </em>58: 103–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12526</p>
<p>Yıldırım, H. (2013) <em>Campanula mugeana</em> <em>sp. nov.</em> (Campanulaceae) from western Anatolia, Turkey. <em>Nordic Journal of Botany</em> 31: 419–425.</p>
<p>Zhang, W.H., Chen, J.D., Li, J., Chen, H.B. & Tang, Y.C. (2003) Phylogeny of the Dipsacales s.l. based on chloroplast trnL-F and ndhF sequences. <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution </em>26: 176–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00303-2</p>