Abstract
We describe a new species of the diatom genus Grunowia, G. mannii Kociolek & A.Danz, sp. nov., from a Miocene fossil deposit in New Mexico, USA. The species has wide fibulae, a keel that is off-center externally, with distinct proximal raphe ends, both internally and externally. The species is differentiated from others in the genus in the narrow valves that are swollen and rounded in the center. We formally transfer two species from Nitzschia to Grunowia, making the new combinations, Grunowia constricta (Chen & Zhu) Kociolek & A.Danz, comb. nov. and Grunowia pseudosinuata (Hamilton & Laird) Kociolek & A.Danz, comb. nov. We discuss the distribution of the genus over time and space. This report from the Miocene represents the oldest known member of the genus Grunowia in the fossil record.
References
<p>Aboal, M., Alvarez-Cobelas, M., Cambra, J. & Ector, L. (2003) Floristic list of non marine diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) of Iberian Peninsula, Balearic Islands, and Canary Islands. Updated taxonomy and bibliography. <em>Diatom Monographs</em> 4: 1–639.</p>
<p>Agardh, C.A. (1830) <em>Conspectus Criticus Diatomacearum. Part 1.</em> Berling, Lund, 16 pp.</p>
<p>Benson, M.E. & Kociolek, J.P. (2012) Freshwater diatom floristics of the Late Eocene Florissant Formation, Clare’s Quarry Site, Central Colorado, USA. <em>Bibliotheca Diatomologica</em> 58: 1–136.</p>
<p>Benson, M.E., Kociolek, J.P., Spaulding, S.A. & Smith, D.M. (2012) Pre-Neogene (>23.8 MA) biochronology of non-marine diatoms, with an account of the late Eocene flora of the Florissant Formation, central Colorado, USA. <em>Stratigraphy</em> 9: 131–152.</p>
<p>Feth, J.H. (1964) Review and annotated bibliography of ancient lake deposits (Pre Cambrian to Pleistocene) in the Western States. <em>United States Geological Survey Bulletin 1080</em>. Washington, D.C., 119 pp.</p>
<p>Frenguelli, J. (1934) Contribuciones al conocimiento de las diatomeas Argentinas. VIII. Diatomeas del Plioceno Superior de las Guayquerías de San Carlos (Provincia de Mendoza). <em>Revista del Museo de La Plata</em> 34: 339–371.</p>
<p>Hamilton, P.B. & Laird, K.R. (2001) <em>Nitzschia pseudosinuata sp. nov</em>., a new Holocene diatom from the sediments of Moon Lake, North Dakota, U.S.A. <em>Diatom Research</em> 16: 317–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2001.9705523</p>
<p>Hassall, A.H. (1845) <em>A history of the British Freshwater Algae (including descriptions of the Diatomaceae and Desmidiaceae) with upwards of one hundred Plates </em>I. <em>Taylor, Walton, and Maberly, London</em><em>,</em> 462 pp. </p>
<p>Héribaud, J. (1903) Disposition méthodique des Diatomées d’Auvergne. <em>Librairie des Sciences Naturelles, Paris</em>: 1–49. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.64356</p>
<p><strong>Kociolek, J.P., Blanco, S., Coste, M., Ector, L., Liu, Y., Karthick, B., Kulikovskiy, M., Lundholm, N., Ludwig, T., Potapova, M., Rimet, F., Sabbe, K., Sala, S., Sar, E., Taylor, J., Van De Vijver, B., Wetzel, C.E., Williams, D.M., Witkowski, A. & Witkowski, J. (2021) DiatomBase. Available from:</strong> http://www.diatombase.org <strong>(accessed 7 September 2021)</strong><strong> h</strong>ttps://doi.org/10.14284/504</p>
<p>Kociolek, J.P., Danz, A., Swenson, J., Thirouin, K., Williams, D.M. & Borsa, T. (2020) Taxonomy, valve ultrastructure, nomenclature and a comparison of two species of Bacillariales from freshwaters of Puerto Rico. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 468: 190–202. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.468.2.3</p>
<p>Kociolek, J.P., Khursevich, G.K. & Theriot, E.C. (2014) <em>Strelnikoviella incognita gen. nov., sp. nov.</em>, from Miocene sediments of New México, USA. <em>Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia</em> 271–280.</p>
<p>Kociolek, J.P., Williams, D.M. & Danz, A. (In Review) Taxonomy and Valve Ultrastructure of New and Interesting Freshwater Fossil Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) of Miocene age from the Espanola Formation of New Mexico, USA. I. Ontogeny of <em>Tetracyclus stelloides sp. nov., </em>with comments on Hustedt’s concepts of “Convergence” and “Miserable Forms” as well as “Accepted Names”. <em>Diatom Research</em>.</p>
<p>Krebs, W.N. & Bradbury, J.P. (1995) Geologic ranges of lacustrine <em>Actinocyclus</em> species, Western North America. <em>United States Geological Survey Professional Paper</em> 1543–B: 49–71.</p>
<p>Kützing, F.T. (1833) Synopsis Diatomacearum oder Versuch einer systematischen Zusammenstellung der Diatomeen. <em>Linnaea </em>8: 529–620. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.65634</p>
<p>Kützing, F.T. (1844) <em>Die Kieselschaligen Bacillarien oder Diatomeen.</em> Nordhausen. 152 pp.</p>
<p>Liu, Q., Wu, W., Wang, J., Feng, J., Lu, J. Kociolek, J.P. & Xie, S. (2017) Valve ultrastructure of <em>Nitzschia shanxiensis</em> <em>nom. nov.</em>, stat. nov. and <em>N. tabellaria</em> (Bacillariales, Bacillariophycaeae) with comments on their systematic position. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 312: 228–236. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.312.2.5</p>
<p>Lohman, K.E. & Andrews, G.W. (1968) Late Eocene nonmarine diatoms from the Beaver Divide Area, Fremont County, Wyoming. <em>United States Geological Survey Professional Paper</em> 593–E: 1–26. https://doi.org/10.3133/pp593E</p>
<p>Lowe, R.L., Kociolek, P. Johansen, J.R. Vijver, B.V.D., Lange-Bertalot, H. & Kopalová, K. (2014) <em>Humidophila</em> <em>gen. nov.</em>, a new genus for a group of diatoms (Bacillariophyta) formerly within the genus <em>Diadesmis</em>: species from Hawai’i, including one new species. <em>Diatom Research</em> 29: 351–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2014.889039</p>
<p>Mahood, A.D. (1981) <em>Stephanodiscus rhombus</em>, a new diatom species from Pliocene deposits at Chiloquin, Oregon. <em>Micropaleontology</em> 27: 379–383. https://doi.org/10.2307/1485192</p>
<p>Manley, K. & Mehnert, H.H. (1981) New K-Ar ages for Miocene and Pliocene volcanic rocks in the northwestern Espanola Basin and their relationships to the history of the Rio Grande rift. <em>Isochron/West</em> 30: 5–8.</p>
<p>McLaughlin, R.B. & Andrews, G.W. (1990) <em>Cymbella langii</em>, a new Miocene diatom from the Espanola area, Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, U.S.A. <em>Diatom Research</em> 5: 55–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1990.9705093</p>
<p>Moore, B.N. (1937) Non-metallic mineral resources of eastern Oregon. <em>Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey</em> 875: 1–180. https://doi.org/10.3133/b875</p>
<p>Pantocsek, J. (1902) Die Bacillarien des Klebschiefers von Kertsch. <em>Verhandlungen der Russisch-kaiserlichen mineralogischen Gesellschaft zu St. Petersburg. Series II</em> 39 (2): 627–655.</p>
<p>Patterson, S.H. (1965) Diatomite. Mineral & Water Resources of New Mexico. <em>In</em>: G.O. Bachman (Ed.) <em>Bulletin, New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources</em> 87: 322–324.</p>
<p>Rabenhorst, L. (1864) <em>Flora Europaea Algarum aquae dulcis et submarinae. Sectio I. Algas diatomaceas complectens, cum figuris generum omnium xylographice impressis</em>. Eduardum Kummerum, Lipsiae, 359 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.7029</p>
<p>Ralfs, J. (1843) On the Diatomaceae. <em>Annals and Magazine of Natural History</em> 12: 104–111.</p>
<p>Round, F.E., Crawford, R.M. & Mann, D.G. (1990) <em>The diatoms: biology and morphology of the genera</em>. Cambridge University Press, London, 747 pp. </p>
<p>Thwaites, G.H.K. (1848) Further observations on the Diatomaceae with descriptions of new genera and species. <em>Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 2nd series</em> 1: 161–172.</p>
<p>VanLandingham, S.L. (1964) Miocene Non-marine Diatoms from the Yakima Basalt in South Central Washington. <em>Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia</em> 16: 1–74.</p>
<p>VanLandingham, S.L. (1967) Paleoecology and microfloristics of Miocene Diatomites. <em>Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia</em> 26: 1–77.</p>
<p>Wallace, A.R., Frank, D.G. & Founie, A. (2006) Freshwater diatomite deposits in the Western United States. <em>U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2006-3044.</em> https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20063044</p>
<p>Williams, D.M. & Round, F.E. (1987) Revision of the genus <em>Fragilaria</em>. <em>Diatom Research</em> 2: 267–288.</p>
<p>Zhu, H.Z. & Chen, J.Y. (1989) New Species and varieties of the Diatoms from Suoxiyu, Hunan, China. <em>In</em> Shi, Z.X. (Ed.) <em>The algal flora and aquatic fauna of the Wulingyuan Nature Reserve Area, Hunan, China</em>. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 38–60.</p>
<p>Agardh, C.A. (1830) <em>Conspectus Criticus Diatomacearum. Part 1.</em> Berling, Lund, 16 pp.</p>
<p>Benson, M.E. & Kociolek, J.P. (2012) Freshwater diatom floristics of the Late Eocene Florissant Formation, Clare’s Quarry Site, Central Colorado, USA. <em>Bibliotheca Diatomologica</em> 58: 1–136.</p>
<p>Benson, M.E., Kociolek, J.P., Spaulding, S.A. & Smith, D.M. (2012) Pre-Neogene (>23.8 MA) biochronology of non-marine diatoms, with an account of the late Eocene flora of the Florissant Formation, central Colorado, USA. <em>Stratigraphy</em> 9: 131–152.</p>
<p>Feth, J.H. (1964) Review and annotated bibliography of ancient lake deposits (Pre Cambrian to Pleistocene) in the Western States. <em>United States Geological Survey Bulletin 1080</em>. Washington, D.C., 119 pp.</p>
<p>Frenguelli, J. (1934) Contribuciones al conocimiento de las diatomeas Argentinas. VIII. Diatomeas del Plioceno Superior de las Guayquerías de San Carlos (Provincia de Mendoza). <em>Revista del Museo de La Plata</em> 34: 339–371.</p>
<p>Hamilton, P.B. & Laird, K.R. (2001) <em>Nitzschia pseudosinuata sp. nov</em>., a new Holocene diatom from the sediments of Moon Lake, North Dakota, U.S.A. <em>Diatom Research</em> 16: 317–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2001.9705523</p>
<p>Hassall, A.H. (1845) <em>A history of the British Freshwater Algae (including descriptions of the Diatomaceae and Desmidiaceae) with upwards of one hundred Plates </em>I. <em>Taylor, Walton, and Maberly, London</em><em>,</em> 462 pp. </p>
<p>Héribaud, J. (1903) Disposition méthodique des Diatomées d’Auvergne. <em>Librairie des Sciences Naturelles, Paris</em>: 1–49. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.64356</p>
<p><strong>Kociolek, J.P., Blanco, S., Coste, M., Ector, L., Liu, Y., Karthick, B., Kulikovskiy, M., Lundholm, N., Ludwig, T., Potapova, M., Rimet, F., Sabbe, K., Sala, S., Sar, E., Taylor, J., Van De Vijver, B., Wetzel, C.E., Williams, D.M., Witkowski, A. & Witkowski, J. (2021) DiatomBase. Available from:</strong> http://www.diatombase.org <strong>(accessed 7 September 2021)</strong><strong> h</strong>ttps://doi.org/10.14284/504</p>
<p>Kociolek, J.P., Danz, A., Swenson, J., Thirouin, K., Williams, D.M. & Borsa, T. (2020) Taxonomy, valve ultrastructure, nomenclature and a comparison of two species of Bacillariales from freshwaters of Puerto Rico. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 468: 190–202. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.468.2.3</p>
<p>Kociolek, J.P., Khursevich, G.K. & Theriot, E.C. (2014) <em>Strelnikoviella incognita gen. nov., sp. nov.</em>, from Miocene sediments of New México, USA. <em>Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia</em> 271–280.</p>
<p>Kociolek, J.P., Williams, D.M. & Danz, A. (In Review) Taxonomy and Valve Ultrastructure of New and Interesting Freshwater Fossil Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) of Miocene age from the Espanola Formation of New Mexico, USA. I. Ontogeny of <em>Tetracyclus stelloides sp. nov., </em>with comments on Hustedt’s concepts of “Convergence” and “Miserable Forms” as well as “Accepted Names”. <em>Diatom Research</em>.</p>
<p>Krebs, W.N. & Bradbury, J.P. (1995) Geologic ranges of lacustrine <em>Actinocyclus</em> species, Western North America. <em>United States Geological Survey Professional Paper</em> 1543–B: 49–71.</p>
<p>Kützing, F.T. (1833) Synopsis Diatomacearum oder Versuch einer systematischen Zusammenstellung der Diatomeen. <em>Linnaea </em>8: 529–620. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.65634</p>
<p>Kützing, F.T. (1844) <em>Die Kieselschaligen Bacillarien oder Diatomeen.</em> Nordhausen. 152 pp.</p>
<p>Liu, Q., Wu, W., Wang, J., Feng, J., Lu, J. Kociolek, J.P. & Xie, S. (2017) Valve ultrastructure of <em>Nitzschia shanxiensis</em> <em>nom. nov.</em>, stat. nov. and <em>N. tabellaria</em> (Bacillariales, Bacillariophycaeae) with comments on their systematic position. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 312: 228–236. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.312.2.5</p>
<p>Lohman, K.E. & Andrews, G.W. (1968) Late Eocene nonmarine diatoms from the Beaver Divide Area, Fremont County, Wyoming. <em>United States Geological Survey Professional Paper</em> 593–E: 1–26. https://doi.org/10.3133/pp593E</p>
<p>Lowe, R.L., Kociolek, P. Johansen, J.R. Vijver, B.V.D., Lange-Bertalot, H. & Kopalová, K. (2014) <em>Humidophila</em> <em>gen. nov.</em>, a new genus for a group of diatoms (Bacillariophyta) formerly within the genus <em>Diadesmis</em>: species from Hawai’i, including one new species. <em>Diatom Research</em> 29: 351–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2014.889039</p>
<p>Mahood, A.D. (1981) <em>Stephanodiscus rhombus</em>, a new diatom species from Pliocene deposits at Chiloquin, Oregon. <em>Micropaleontology</em> 27: 379–383. https://doi.org/10.2307/1485192</p>
<p>Manley, K. & Mehnert, H.H. (1981) New K-Ar ages for Miocene and Pliocene volcanic rocks in the northwestern Espanola Basin and their relationships to the history of the Rio Grande rift. <em>Isochron/West</em> 30: 5–8.</p>
<p>McLaughlin, R.B. & Andrews, G.W. (1990) <em>Cymbella langii</em>, a new Miocene diatom from the Espanola area, Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, U.S.A. <em>Diatom Research</em> 5: 55–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1990.9705093</p>
<p>Moore, B.N. (1937) Non-metallic mineral resources of eastern Oregon. <em>Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey</em> 875: 1–180. https://doi.org/10.3133/b875</p>
<p>Pantocsek, J. (1902) Die Bacillarien des Klebschiefers von Kertsch. <em>Verhandlungen der Russisch-kaiserlichen mineralogischen Gesellschaft zu St. Petersburg. Series II</em> 39 (2): 627–655.</p>
<p>Patterson, S.H. (1965) Diatomite. Mineral & Water Resources of New Mexico. <em>In</em>: G.O. Bachman (Ed.) <em>Bulletin, New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources</em> 87: 322–324.</p>
<p>Rabenhorst, L. (1864) <em>Flora Europaea Algarum aquae dulcis et submarinae. Sectio I. Algas diatomaceas complectens, cum figuris generum omnium xylographice impressis</em>. Eduardum Kummerum, Lipsiae, 359 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.7029</p>
<p>Ralfs, J. (1843) On the Diatomaceae. <em>Annals and Magazine of Natural History</em> 12: 104–111.</p>
<p>Round, F.E., Crawford, R.M. & Mann, D.G. (1990) <em>The diatoms: biology and morphology of the genera</em>. Cambridge University Press, London, 747 pp. </p>
<p>Thwaites, G.H.K. (1848) Further observations on the Diatomaceae with descriptions of new genera and species. <em>Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 2nd series</em> 1: 161–172.</p>
<p>VanLandingham, S.L. (1964) Miocene Non-marine Diatoms from the Yakima Basalt in South Central Washington. <em>Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia</em> 16: 1–74.</p>
<p>VanLandingham, S.L. (1967) Paleoecology and microfloristics of Miocene Diatomites. <em>Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia</em> 26: 1–77.</p>
<p>Wallace, A.R., Frank, D.G. & Founie, A. (2006) Freshwater diatomite deposits in the Western United States. <em>U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2006-3044.</em> https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20063044</p>
<p>Williams, D.M. & Round, F.E. (1987) Revision of the genus <em>Fragilaria</em>. <em>Diatom Research</em> 2: 267–288.</p>
<p>Zhu, H.Z. & Chen, J.Y. (1989) New Species and varieties of the Diatoms from Suoxiyu, Hunan, China. <em>In</em> Shi, Z.X. (Ed.) <em>The algal flora and aquatic fauna of the Wulingyuan Nature Reserve Area, Hunan, China</em>. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 38–60.</p>