Abstract
Types and recently collected samples of two Paxillus species namely P. rhytidophyllus and P. yunnanensis, originally described from southwestern China, were critically restudied based on morphology and molecular phylogenetic data of DNA sequences from the large subunit of the nuclear ribosomal RNA (nrLSU), the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and the translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1-α). The results showed that these two species belong to Boletinellus and Tricholomopsis, respectively. Thus, two new combinations, Boletinellus rhytidophyllus and Tricholomopsis yunnanensis are proposed. Boletinellus rhytidophyllus is characterized by a deeply decurrent and shallow hymenophore which is poroid-lamellate to alveolate, slightly thick-walled (0.6–1 μm) basidiospores, occasionally 2- to 4-spored basidia, rare or infrequent hymenial cystidia, and a trichodermal pileipellis. Tricholomopsis yunnanensis is characterized by a convex pileus densely covered by red-violet to red-brown fibrillose squamules, a yellowish stipe sparsely covered with red to red-brown fibrillose squamules, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores, prominent large cheilocystidia measuring 60–195 × 11–39 μm, and a palisadic pileipellis. New descriptions and line drawings of these two species and their comparisons with allied taxa are presented.
References
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<p>Cooper, J. & Park, D. (2016) The fungal genus <em>Tricholomopsis</em> (Agaricales) in New Zealand, including <em>Tricholomopsis scabra</em> <em>sp. nov.</em> <em>Phytotaxa</em> 288 (2): 69–76. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.288.1.7</p>
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<p>Doyle, J.J. & Doyle, J.L. (1987) A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf material. <em>Phytochemical Bulletin</em> 19 (1): 11–15.</p>
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<p>Gelardi, M., Vizzini, A., Horak, E., Ercole, E., Voyron, S. & Wu, G. (2014) <em>Paxillus orientalis</em> <em>sp. nov.</em> (Paxillaceae, Boletales) from south-western China based on morphological and molecular data and proposal of the new subgenus <em>Alnopaxillus</em>. <em>Mycological Progress</em> 13 (2): 333–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-013-0919-1</p>
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<p>Holec, J., Kunca, V. & Kolařík, M. (2019) <em>Tricholomopsis badinensis</em> <em>sp. nov.</em> and <em>T. sulphureoides</em>—two rare fungi of European old-growth forests. <em>Mycological Progress</em> 18 (3): 321–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-018-1449-7</p>
<p>Hosen, M.I., Xu, J.Y., Li, T., Gates, G. & Li, T. (2020) <em>Tricholomopsis rubroaurantiaca</em>, a new species of Tricholomataceae from southern China. <em>Mycoscience</em> 61 (6): 342–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.myc.2020.06.005</p>
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<p>Jarosch, M. & Bresinsky, A. (1999) Speciation and Phylogenetic Distances within <em>Paxillus</em> s. str. (Basidiomycetes, Boletales). <em>Plant Biology</em> 1 (6): 701–705.</p>
<p>Knudsen, H. & Taylor, A.F.S. (2012) <em>Paxillus</em> Fr. <em>Funga Nordica</em>.</p>
<p>Kornerup, A. & Wanscher, J.H. (1981) <em>Taschenlexikon der Farben. 3. </em>Aufl. Muster-Schmidt Verlag, Göttingen, pp. 1–242.</p>
<p>Larue, P. (2020) <em>Tricholomopsis alborufescens</em> <em>sp. nov.</em> <em>Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France</em> 133 (1–2): 177–185.</p>
<p>Li, T.H. & Song, B. (2003) Bolete species known from China. <em>Guizhou Science</em> 21 (1–2): 78–86.</p>
<p>Mei, Y., Liu, C.Y., Li, S.H., Guerin-Laguette, A., Xiao, Y.J., Tang, P., Wan, S.P., Bonito, G. & Wang, Y. (2021) <em>Phlebopus roseus</em>, a new edible bolete from China, is associated with insects and plants. <em>Mycologia</em> 113 (1): 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2020.1816781</p>
<p>Murrill, W.A. (1909) The Boletaceae of North America - 1. <em>Mycologia</em>. 1 (1): 4–18.</p>
<p>Nagasawa, E. (2001) <em>Taxonomic studies of Japanese boletes. I. The genera Boletinellus, Gyrodon and Gyroporus.</em> Tottori Mycological Institute, Japan, pp. 3–6.</p>
<p>Olariaga, I., Laskibar, X. & Holec, J. (2015) Molecular data reveal cryptic speciation within <em>Tricholomopsis rutilans</em>: description of <em>T. pteridicola</em> <em>sp. nov.</em> associated with <em>Pteridium aquilinum</em>. <em>Mycological Progress</em> 14 (4): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-015-1040-4</p>
<p>Orton, P.D. (1969) Notes on British Agarics III. <em>Notes from the Royal Botanical Garden Edinburgh</em> 29 (1): 75–127.</p>
<p>Rehner, S.A. & Buckley, E. (2005) A <em>Beauveria</em> phylogeny inferred from nuclear ITS and EF1-α sequences: evidence for cryptic diversification and links to Cordyceps teleomorphs. <em>Mycologia </em>97 (1): 84–98.</p>
<p>Singer, R. (1939) Phylogenie und Taxonomie der Agaricales. <em>Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde</em> 17: 52–57.</p>
<p>Singer, R. (1945) The Boletineae of Florida with notes on extralimital species. I. The Strobilomycetaceae.<em> Farlowia </em>2: 97–141.</p>
<p>Singer, R. (1981) Notes on bolete taxonomy-III. <em>Persoonia</em> 11: 269–302.</p>
<p>Singer, R. (1986) <em>The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy</em>. Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein, pp. 252, 726.</p>
<p>Smith, A.H. & Thiers, H.D. (1971) <em>The Boletes of Michigan</em>. University of Michigan Press, Michigan, pp. 394–395.</p>
<p>Smith, A.H. (1960) <em>Tricholomopsis</em> (Agaricales) in the Western Hemisphere. <em>Brittonia</em> 12: 41–70. https://doi.org/10.2307/2805334</p>
<p>Song, B., Li, T.H., Wu, X.L. & Shen, Y.H. (2004) A preliminary review on Boletales resources in Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi. <em>Guizhou Science</em> 22 (1): 90–96.</p>
<p>Stamatakis, A. (2006) RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 22 (21): 2688–2690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl446</p>
<p>Šutara, J. (1992) The genera <em>Paxillus</em> and <em>Tapinella</em> in Central Europe. <em>Česká Mykologie </em>46 (1–2): 50–56.</p>
<p>Tolgor (2018) <em>MUSHROOM TAXONOMY</em>. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 212.</p>
<p>Tu, B., Oyongowa & Tolgor (2005) Statistics of Mycobiota of Macrofungi in Gogostai Haan Nature Reserve of Inner Mongolia. <em>Journal of Jilin Agricultural</em> <em>University</em> 27 (1): 29–34, 42.</p>
<p>Vellinga, E.C., Blanchard, E.P., Kelly, S. & Contu, M. (2012) <em>Paxillus albidulus</em>, <em>P. ammoniavirescens</em>, and <em>P. validus</em> revisited. <em>Mycotaxon</em> 119 (1): 351–359. https://doi.org/10.5248/119.351</p>
<p>Watling, R. & De Meijer, A.R. (1997) Macromycetes from the state of Paraná, Brazil: 5. Poroid and lamellate boletes.<em> Edinburgh Journal of Botany </em>54: 231–251.</p>
<p>Watling, R. (2008) <em>A manual and source book on the Boletes and their allies.</em> Synopsis Fungorum 24, Fungiflora, Oslo, pp. 23–89.</p>
<p>White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) <em>Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics.</em> <em>In: PCR Protocols: a guide to methods and applications. </em>Academic Press, New York, pp. 315–322.</p>
<p>Wu, F., Zhou, L.W., Yang, Z.L., Bau, T., Li, T.H. & Dai, Y.C. (2019) Resource diversity of Chinese macrofungi: edible, medicinal and poisonous species. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 98 (1): 1–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-019-00432-7</p>
<p>Yang, Z.L. & Feng, B. (2013) The genus<em> Omphalotus</em> (Omphalotaceae) in China. <em>Mycosystema</em> 32 (3): 545–556.</p>
<p>Zang, M. & Zeng, X.L. (1978) A preliminary study on the family Paxillaceae of Yunnan and Tibet, China. <em>Acta Microbiologica Sinica</em> 18 (4): 279–286.</p>
<p>Cooper, J. & Park, D. (2016) The fungal genus <em>Tricholomopsis</em> (Agaricales) in New Zealand, including <em>Tricholomopsis scabra</em> <em>sp. nov.</em> <em>Phytotaxa</em> 288 (2): 69–76. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.288.1.7</p>
<p>De Schweinitz, L.D. (1832) Synopsis Fungorum in America Boreali media degentium. Secundum Observationes. <em>Transactions of the American Philosophical Society</em> 4 (2): 160. https://doi.org/10.2307/1004834</p>
<p>Dessì, P. & Contu, M. (1999) <em>Paxillus ammoniavirescens</em> spec. nov. con note sul genere <em>Paxillus</em> in Sardegna. <em>Micologia e Vegetazione Mediterranea</em> 13 (2): 121–130.</p>
<p>Doyle, J.J. & Doyle, J.L. (1987) A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf material. <em>Phytochemical Bulletin</em> 19 (1): 11–15.</p>
<p>Du, P., Tu, H., Jiang, J.Y., Cui, B.K. & Dai, Y.C. (2020) Molecular identification and biological characteristics of wild <em>Paxillus ammoniavirescens</em> strain. <em>Forest Research</em> 33 (3): 146–155.</p>
<p>Fayod, M.V. (1889) Prodrome d’une histoire naturelle des Agaricinés. <em>Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique. ser</em>. 7, 9: 181–411.</p>
<p>Fries, E.M. (1836) <em>Corpus Florarum provincialium suecicae I.</em> Floram Scanicam, pp. 1–349.</p>
<p>Fries, E.M. (1838) <em>Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici, seu Synopsis Hymenomycetum</em>. Typographia Academiae, Uppsala, pp. 317.</p>
<p>Gelardi, M., Vizzini, A., Horak, E., Ercole, E., Voyron, S. & Wu, G. (2014) <em>Paxillus orientalis</em> <em>sp. nov.</em> (Paxillaceae, Boletales) from south-western China based on morphological and molecular data and proposal of the new subgenus <em>Alnopaxillus</em>. <em>Mycological Progress</em> 13 (2): 333–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-013-0919-1</p>
<p>Hahn, C. & Agerer, R. (1999) Studien zum <em>Paxilllus involutus</em> Formenkreis. <em>Nova Hedwigia</em> 69 (1–2): 241–310.</p>
<p>Henrici, A. & Kibby, G. (2014)<em> Paxillus</em> - An End to Confusion? <em>Field Mycology</em> 15 (4): 121–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fldmyc.2014.09.007</p>
<p>Holec, J., Kunca, V. & Kolařík, M. (2019) <em>Tricholomopsis badinensis</em> <em>sp. nov.</em> and <em>T. sulphureoides</em>—two rare fungi of European old-growth forests. <em>Mycological Progress</em> 18 (3): 321–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-018-1449-7</p>
<p>Hosen, M.I., Xu, J.Y., Li, T., Gates, G. & Li, T. (2020) <em>Tricholomopsis rubroaurantiaca</em>, a new species of Tricholomataceae from southern China. <em>Mycoscience</em> 61 (6): 342–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.myc.2020.06.005</p>
<p>James, T.Y., Kauff, F., Schoch, C., Matheny, P.B., Hofstetter, V., Cox, C., Celio, G., Gueidan, C., Fraker, E., Miadlikowska, J., Lumbsch, H.T., Rauhut, A., Reeb, V., Arnold, A.E., Amtoft, A., Stajich, J.E., Hosaka, K., Sung, G.H., Johnson, D., O’Rourke, B., Crockett, M., Binder, M., Curtis, J.M., Slot, J.C., Wang, Z., Wilson, A.W., Schüßler, A., Longcore, J.E., O’Donnell, K., Mozley-Standridge, S., Porter, D., Letcher, P.M., Powell, M.J., Taylor, J.W., White, M.M., Griffith, G.W., Davies, D.R., Humber, R.A., Morton, J.B., Sugiyama, J., Rossman, A.Y., Rogers, J.D., Pfister, D.H., Hewitt, D., Hansen, K., Hambleton, S., Shoemaker, R.A., Kohlmeyer, J., Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, B., Spotts, R.A., Serdani, M., Crous, PW., Hughes, K.W., Matsuura, K., Langer, E., Langer, G., Untereiner, W.A., Lücking, R., Büdel, B., Geiser, D.M., Aptroot, A., Diederich, P., Schmitt, I., Schultz, M., Yahr, R., Hibbett, D., Lutzoni, F., McLaughlin, D., Spatafora, J. & Vilgalys, R. (2006) Reconstructing the early evolution of the fungi using a six gene phylogeny. <em>Nature</em> 443: 818–822. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05110</p>
<p>Jarosch, M. & Bresinsky, A. (1999) Speciation and Phylogenetic Distances within <em>Paxillus</em> s. str. (Basidiomycetes, Boletales). <em>Plant Biology</em> 1 (6): 701–705.</p>
<p>Knudsen, H. & Taylor, A.F.S. (2012) <em>Paxillus</em> Fr. <em>Funga Nordica</em>.</p>
<p>Kornerup, A. & Wanscher, J.H. (1981) <em>Taschenlexikon der Farben. 3. </em>Aufl. Muster-Schmidt Verlag, Göttingen, pp. 1–242.</p>
<p>Larue, P. (2020) <em>Tricholomopsis alborufescens</em> <em>sp. nov.</em> <em>Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France</em> 133 (1–2): 177–185.</p>
<p>Li, T.H. & Song, B. (2003) Bolete species known from China. <em>Guizhou Science</em> 21 (1–2): 78–86.</p>
<p>Mei, Y., Liu, C.Y., Li, S.H., Guerin-Laguette, A., Xiao, Y.J., Tang, P., Wan, S.P., Bonito, G. & Wang, Y. (2021) <em>Phlebopus roseus</em>, a new edible bolete from China, is associated with insects and plants. <em>Mycologia</em> 113 (1): 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2020.1816781</p>
<p>Murrill, W.A. (1909) The Boletaceae of North America - 1. <em>Mycologia</em>. 1 (1): 4–18.</p>
<p>Nagasawa, E. (2001) <em>Taxonomic studies of Japanese boletes. I. The genera Boletinellus, Gyrodon and Gyroporus.</em> Tottori Mycological Institute, Japan, pp. 3–6.</p>
<p>Olariaga, I., Laskibar, X. & Holec, J. (2015) Molecular data reveal cryptic speciation within <em>Tricholomopsis rutilans</em>: description of <em>T. pteridicola</em> <em>sp. nov.</em> associated with <em>Pteridium aquilinum</em>. <em>Mycological Progress</em> 14 (4): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-015-1040-4</p>
<p>Orton, P.D. (1969) Notes on British Agarics III. <em>Notes from the Royal Botanical Garden Edinburgh</em> 29 (1): 75–127.</p>
<p>Rehner, S.A. & Buckley, E. (2005) A <em>Beauveria</em> phylogeny inferred from nuclear ITS and EF1-α sequences: evidence for cryptic diversification and links to Cordyceps teleomorphs. <em>Mycologia </em>97 (1): 84–98.</p>
<p>Singer, R. (1939) Phylogenie und Taxonomie der Agaricales. <em>Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde</em> 17: 52–57.</p>
<p>Singer, R. (1945) The Boletineae of Florida with notes on extralimital species. I. The Strobilomycetaceae.<em> Farlowia </em>2: 97–141.</p>
<p>Singer, R. (1981) Notes on bolete taxonomy-III. <em>Persoonia</em> 11: 269–302.</p>
<p>Singer, R. (1986) <em>The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy</em>. Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein, pp. 252, 726.</p>
<p>Smith, A.H. & Thiers, H.D. (1971) <em>The Boletes of Michigan</em>. University of Michigan Press, Michigan, pp. 394–395.</p>
<p>Smith, A.H. (1960) <em>Tricholomopsis</em> (Agaricales) in the Western Hemisphere. <em>Brittonia</em> 12: 41–70. https://doi.org/10.2307/2805334</p>
<p>Song, B., Li, T.H., Wu, X.L. & Shen, Y.H. (2004) A preliminary review on Boletales resources in Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi. <em>Guizhou Science</em> 22 (1): 90–96.</p>
<p>Stamatakis, A. (2006) RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 22 (21): 2688–2690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl446</p>
<p>Šutara, J. (1992) The genera <em>Paxillus</em> and <em>Tapinella</em> in Central Europe. <em>Česká Mykologie </em>46 (1–2): 50–56.</p>
<p>Tolgor (2018) <em>MUSHROOM TAXONOMY</em>. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 212.</p>
<p>Tu, B., Oyongowa & Tolgor (2005) Statistics of Mycobiota of Macrofungi in Gogostai Haan Nature Reserve of Inner Mongolia. <em>Journal of Jilin Agricultural</em> <em>University</em> 27 (1): 29–34, 42.</p>
<p>Vellinga, E.C., Blanchard, E.P., Kelly, S. & Contu, M. (2012) <em>Paxillus albidulus</em>, <em>P. ammoniavirescens</em>, and <em>P. validus</em> revisited. <em>Mycotaxon</em> 119 (1): 351–359. https://doi.org/10.5248/119.351</p>
<p>Watling, R. & De Meijer, A.R. (1997) Macromycetes from the state of Paraná, Brazil: 5. Poroid and lamellate boletes.<em> Edinburgh Journal of Botany </em>54: 231–251.</p>
<p>Watling, R. (2008) <em>A manual and source book on the Boletes and their allies.</em> Synopsis Fungorum 24, Fungiflora, Oslo, pp. 23–89.</p>
<p>White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) <em>Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics.</em> <em>In: PCR Protocols: a guide to methods and applications. </em>Academic Press, New York, pp. 315–322.</p>
<p>Wu, F., Zhou, L.W., Yang, Z.L., Bau, T., Li, T.H. & Dai, Y.C. (2019) Resource diversity of Chinese macrofungi: edible, medicinal and poisonous species. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 98 (1): 1–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-019-00432-7</p>
<p>Yang, Z.L. & Feng, B. (2013) The genus<em> Omphalotus</em> (Omphalotaceae) in China. <em>Mycosystema</em> 32 (3): 545–556.</p>
<p>Zang, M. & Zeng, X.L. (1978) A preliminary study on the family Paxillaceae of Yunnan and Tibet, China. <em>Acta Microbiologica Sinica</em> 18 (4): 279–286.</p>