Abstract
In China, the European species, Hygrophorus chrysodon, is widely reported in western and northeastern provinces. After carefully comparing H. chrysodon from China and Europe, we found that the European and Chinese materials were different lineages in molecular trees, and there were also obvious differences in morphology between the two lineages. The evidence from morphology and phylogeny indicated that the presence of H. chrysodon in China is doubtful and that the Chinese material represents an undescribed species. Thus, H. aurantiosquamosus is proposed as a new species. This new taxon is characterized by its yellowish white pileus covered with golden yellow squamules, a stipe concolorous with the pileus and covered with yellow floccules, a distinct pileipellis composed of narrow hyphae with inflated terminal elements of various shapes (clavate, cylindrical, lacrymoid to subglobose), and elongate to subcylindrical basidiospores measuring 9.5–12 × 4–5.5 μm. The new species occurs in Picea forests at high elevations of western China, such as Qinghai, Sichuan, and Tibet provinces.
References
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Fries, E.M. (1838) Epicrisis Systema Mycologicum. Typographia Academica, Uppsala.
Hall, T.A. (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analyses program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41: 95–98.
He, Z.M. & Yang, Z.L. (2021) A new clitocyboid genus Spodocybe and a new subfamily Cuphophylloideae in the family Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales). Mycokeys 79: 129–148. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.79.66302
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Hofstetter, V., Buyck, B., Eyssartier, G., Schnee, S. & Gindro, K. (2019) The unbearable lightness of sequenced-based identification. Fungal Diversity 96: 243–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-019-00428-3
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Huang, H.Y., Yang, S.D., Zeng, N.K., Zhang, G.L., Hu, Y. & Tang, L.P. (2018) Hygrophorus parvirussula sp. nov., a new edible mushroom from southwestern China. Phytotaxa 373: 139–146. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.373.2.4
Huang, H.Y., Zhao, J., Zhang, P., Ge, Z.W., Li, X. & Tang, L.P. (2020) The genus Clavariadelphus (Clavariadelphaceae, Gomphales) in China. Mycokeys 70: 89–121. http://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.70.54149
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Katoh, K. & Standley, D.M. (2013) MAFFT Multiple Sequence Alignment Software Version 7: Improvements in Performance and Usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30: 772–780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010
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Kornerup, A. & Wanscher, J.H. (1981) Taschenlexikon der Farben. 3. Aufl. Muster-Schmidt Verlag, Göttingen.
Kranabetter, J.M., Friesen, J., Gamiet, S. & Kroeger, P. (2009) Epigeous fruiting bodies of ectomycorrhizal fungi as indicators of soil fertility and associated nitrogen status of boreal forests. Mycorrhiza 19: 535–548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-009-0255-0
Larsson, E., Kleine, J., Jacobsson, S. & Krikorev, M. (2018) Diversity within the Hygrophorus agathosmus group (basidiomycota, agaricales) in northern Europe. Mycological Progress 17: 1293–1304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-018-1445-y
Leonardi, M., Furtado, A., Comandini, O., Geml, J. & Rinaldi, A.C. (2020) Halimium as an ectomycorrhizal symbiont: new records and an appreciation of known fungal diversity. Mycological Progress 19: 1495–1509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-020-01641-0
Li, R.G. (1991) Fungi of Jilin Province, Volume I. Changchun: Northeast Normal University Press, 528 pp. [in Chinese]
Lodge, D.J., Padamsee, M., Matheny, P.B., Aime, M.C., Cantrell, S.A., Boertmann, D., Kovalenko, A., Vizzini, A., Dentinger, B.T.M., Kirk, P.M., Ainsworth, A.M., Moncalvo, J.M., Vilgalys, R., Larsson, E., Lücking, R., Griffith, G.W., Smith, M.E., Norvell, L.L., Desjardin, D.E., Redhead, S.A., Ovrebo, C.L., Lickey, E.B., Ercole, E., Hughes, K.W., Courtecuisse, R., Young, A., Binder, M., Minnis, A.M., Lindner, D.L., Ortiz-Santana, B., Haight, J., Læssøe, T., Baroni, T.J., Geml, J. & Hattori, T. (2014) Molecular phylogeny, morphology, pigment chemistry and ecology in Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales). Fungal Diversity 64: 1–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-013-0259-0
Mao, X.L. (1998) Chinese Economic Fungus. Beijing: Science Press, pp. 10–26. [in Chinese]
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Moreau, P.A., Bellanger, J.M., Lebeuf, R., Athanassiou, Z., Athanasiades, A., Lambert, H., Schwarz, C., Larsson, E. & Loizides, M. (2018) Hidden diversity uncovered in Hygrophorus sect. Aurei (Hygrophoraceae), including the Mediterranean H. meridionalis and the north American H. boyeri, spp. nov. Fungal Biology 122: 817–836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2018.04.009
Nylander, J.A.A. (2004) MrModeltest v2. Program distributed by the author. Uppsala: Uppsala University, Evolutionary Biology Centre.
Osmundson, T.W., Robert, V.A., Schoch, C.L., Baker, L.J., Smith, A., Robich, G., Miz-zan, L. & Garbelotto, M.M. (2013) Filling Gaps in Biodiversity Knowledge for Macrofungi: Contributions and Assessment of an Herbarium Collection DNA Barcode Sequencing Project. PLoS ONE 8: e62419. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062419
Rambaut, A., Drummond, A.J., Xie, D., Baele, G. & Suchard, M.A. (2018) Posterior summarisation in Bayesian phylogenetics using Tracer 1.7. Systematic Biology 67: 901–904. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syy032
Rehner, S.A. & Buckley, E. (2005) A Beauveria phylogeny inferred from nuclear ITS and EF1-? sequences: evidence for cryptic diversification and links to Cordyceps teleomorphs. Mycologia 97: 84–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2006.11832842
Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Höhna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Systematic Biology 61: 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029
Siegel, N. & Schwarz, C. (2016) Mushrooms of the Redwood Coast. Ten Speed Press, Berkeley, 272 pp.
Smith, M.E., Douhan, G.W. & Rizzo, D.M. (2007) Ectomycorrhizal community structure in a xeric Quercus woodland based on rDNA sequence analysis of sporocarps and pooled roots. New Phytologist 174: 847?863. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02040.x
Stamatakis, A., Hoover, P. & Rougemont, J. (2008) A rapid bootstrap algorithm for the RAxML Web servers. Systematic Biology 57: 758?771. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150802429642
Tang, L.P., Lee, S.S., Zeng, N.K., Cai, Q., Zhang, P. & Yang, Z.L. (2017) Notes on Amanita sect. Caesareae from Malaysia. Mycologia 109: 557–567. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2017.1394789
Vilgalys, R. & Hester, M. (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. Journal of Bacteriology 172: 4238–4246. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.172.8.4238-4246.1990
Wang, C.Q. & Li, T.H. (2020) Hygrophorus deliciosus (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales), a popular edible mushroom of the H. russula-complex from southwestern China. Phytotaxa 449: 232–242. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.449.3.3
Wang, C.Q. & Li, T.H. (2021) Hygrophorus annulatus, a new edible member of the H. olivaceoalbus-complex from southwestern China. Mycoscience 62: 137–142. https://doi.org/10.47371/mycosci.2021.01.001
Wang, C.Q., Li, T.H., Zhang, M., He, X.L., Qin, W.Q., Liu, T.Z., Zeng, N.K., Wang, X.H., Liu, J.W., Wei, T.Z., Xu, J., Li, Y.Q. & Shen, Y.H. (2020) Hygrophorus subsection Hygrophorus (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales) in China. MycoKeys 68: 49–73. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.68.53264
White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenies. In: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. & White, T.J. (Eds.) PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, New York, 315–322 pp. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1
Yuan, M.S. & Sun, P.Q. (2007) Primary Color Atlas of Chinese Mushrooms. Sichuan Science and Technology Press, Chengdu, pp. 222–232. [in Chinese]
Bowman, E.A. & Arnold, A.E. (2021) Drivers and implications of distance decay differ for ectomycorrhizal and foliar endophytic fungi across an anciently fragmented landscape. The ISME Journal 15: 3437–3454. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-021-01006-9
Candusso, M. (1997) Hygrophorus s.l., Fungi Europaei 6. Libreria Basso, Alassio, pp. 159–164.
Doyle, J.J. & Doyle, J.L. (1987) A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf material. Phytochemical Bulletin 19: 11–15.
Fries, E.M. (1838) Epicrisis Systema Mycologicum. Typographia Academica, Uppsala.
Hall, T.A. (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analyses program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41: 95–98.
He, Z.M. & Yang, Z.L. (2021) A new clitocyboid genus Spodocybe and a new subfamily Cuphophylloideae in the family Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales). Mycokeys 79: 129–148. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.79.66302
Hesler, L.R. & Smith, H. (1963) North American species of Hygrophorus. The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, pp. 249–251.
Hofstetter, V., Buyck, B., Eyssartier, G., Schnee, S. & Gindro, K. (2019) The unbearable lightness of sequenced-based identification. Fungal Diversity 96: 243–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-019-00428-3
Hongo, T. (1982) Hygrophoraceae of Japan. Memoirs of the Faculty of Liberal Arts and Education, Shiga University 32: 85–92.
Huang, H.Y., Yang, S.D., Zeng, N.K., Zhang, G.L., Hu, Y. & Tang, L.P. (2018) Hygrophorus parvirussula sp. nov., a new edible mushroom from southwestern China. Phytotaxa 373: 139–146. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.373.2.4
Huang, H.Y., Zhao, J., Zhang, P., Ge, Z.W., Li, X. & Tang, L.P. (2020) The genus Clavariadelphus (Clavariadelphaceae, Gomphales) in China. Mycokeys 70: 89–121. http://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.70.54149
Huang, H.Y., Zhang, W.H., Huang, T., Gabriel, M., Liu, T.Z. & Tang, L.P. (2021) Hygrophorus russula complex (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales) in China. Mycological Progress 20: 1115–1134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-021-01715-7
Katoh, K. & Standley, D.M. (2013) MAFFT Multiple Sequence Alignment Software Version 7: Improvements in Performance and Usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution 30: 772–780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010
Kennedy, P.G., Garibay-Orijel, R., Higgins, L.M. & Angeles-Arguiz, R. (2011) Ectomycorrhizal fungi in MexicanAlnusforests support the host co-migration hypothesis and continental-scale patterns in phylogeography. Mycorrhiza 21: 559–568. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-011-0366-2
Kornerup, A. & Wanscher, J.H. (1981) Taschenlexikon der Farben. 3. Aufl. Muster-Schmidt Verlag, Göttingen.
Kranabetter, J.M., Friesen, J., Gamiet, S. & Kroeger, P. (2009) Epigeous fruiting bodies of ectomycorrhizal fungi as indicators of soil fertility and associated nitrogen status of boreal forests. Mycorrhiza 19: 535–548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-009-0255-0
Larsson, E., Kleine, J., Jacobsson, S. & Krikorev, M. (2018) Diversity within the Hygrophorus agathosmus group (basidiomycota, agaricales) in northern Europe. Mycological Progress 17: 1293–1304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-018-1445-y
Leonardi, M., Furtado, A., Comandini, O., Geml, J. & Rinaldi, A.C. (2020) Halimium as an ectomycorrhizal symbiont: new records and an appreciation of known fungal diversity. Mycological Progress 19: 1495–1509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-020-01641-0
Li, R.G. (1991) Fungi of Jilin Province, Volume I. Changchun: Northeast Normal University Press, 528 pp. [in Chinese]
Lodge, D.J., Padamsee, M., Matheny, P.B., Aime, M.C., Cantrell, S.A., Boertmann, D., Kovalenko, A., Vizzini, A., Dentinger, B.T.M., Kirk, P.M., Ainsworth, A.M., Moncalvo, J.M., Vilgalys, R., Larsson, E., Lücking, R., Griffith, G.W., Smith, M.E., Norvell, L.L., Desjardin, D.E., Redhead, S.A., Ovrebo, C.L., Lickey, E.B., Ercole, E., Hughes, K.W., Courtecuisse, R., Young, A., Binder, M., Minnis, A.M., Lindner, D.L., Ortiz-Santana, B., Haight, J., Læssøe, T., Baroni, T.J., Geml, J. & Hattori, T. (2014) Molecular phylogeny, morphology, pigment chemistry and ecology in Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales). Fungal Diversity 64: 1–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-013-0259-0
Mao, X.L. (1998) Chinese Economic Fungus. Beijing: Science Press, pp. 10–26. [in Chinese]
Miller, M.A., Pfeiffer, W. & Schwartz, T. (2010) Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. In: Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE). New Orleans. LA, pp. 1–8. https://www.phylo.org/portal2/login!input.action
Moreau, P.A., Bellanger, J.M., Lebeuf, R., Athanassiou, Z., Athanasiades, A., Lambert, H., Schwarz, C., Larsson, E. & Loizides, M. (2018) Hidden diversity uncovered in Hygrophorus sect. Aurei (Hygrophoraceae), including the Mediterranean H. meridionalis and the north American H. boyeri, spp. nov. Fungal Biology 122: 817–836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2018.04.009
Nylander, J.A.A. (2004) MrModeltest v2. Program distributed by the author. Uppsala: Uppsala University, Evolutionary Biology Centre.
Osmundson, T.W., Robert, V.A., Schoch, C.L., Baker, L.J., Smith, A., Robich, G., Miz-zan, L. & Garbelotto, M.M. (2013) Filling Gaps in Biodiversity Knowledge for Macrofungi: Contributions and Assessment of an Herbarium Collection DNA Barcode Sequencing Project. PLoS ONE 8: e62419. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062419
Rambaut, A., Drummond, A.J., Xie, D., Baele, G. & Suchard, M.A. (2018) Posterior summarisation in Bayesian phylogenetics using Tracer 1.7. Systematic Biology 67: 901–904. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syy032
Rehner, S.A. & Buckley, E. (2005) A Beauveria phylogeny inferred from nuclear ITS and EF1-? sequences: evidence for cryptic diversification and links to Cordyceps teleomorphs. Mycologia 97: 84–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2006.11832842
Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Höhna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Systematic Biology 61: 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029
Siegel, N. & Schwarz, C. (2016) Mushrooms of the Redwood Coast. Ten Speed Press, Berkeley, 272 pp.
Smith, M.E., Douhan, G.W. & Rizzo, D.M. (2007) Ectomycorrhizal community structure in a xeric Quercus woodland based on rDNA sequence analysis of sporocarps and pooled roots. New Phytologist 174: 847?863. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02040.x
Stamatakis, A., Hoover, P. & Rougemont, J. (2008) A rapid bootstrap algorithm for the RAxML Web servers. Systematic Biology 57: 758?771. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150802429642
Tang, L.P., Lee, S.S., Zeng, N.K., Cai, Q., Zhang, P. & Yang, Z.L. (2017) Notes on Amanita sect. Caesareae from Malaysia. Mycologia 109: 557–567. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2017.1394789
Vilgalys, R. & Hester, M. (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. Journal of Bacteriology 172: 4238–4246. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.172.8.4238-4246.1990
Wang, C.Q. & Li, T.H. (2020) Hygrophorus deliciosus (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales), a popular edible mushroom of the H. russula-complex from southwestern China. Phytotaxa 449: 232–242. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.449.3.3
Wang, C.Q. & Li, T.H. (2021) Hygrophorus annulatus, a new edible member of the H. olivaceoalbus-complex from southwestern China. Mycoscience 62: 137–142. https://doi.org/10.47371/mycosci.2021.01.001
Wang, C.Q., Li, T.H., Zhang, M., He, X.L., Qin, W.Q., Liu, T.Z., Zeng, N.K., Wang, X.H., Liu, J.W., Wei, T.Z., Xu, J., Li, Y.Q. & Shen, Y.H. (2020) Hygrophorus subsection Hygrophorus (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales) in China. MycoKeys 68: 49–73. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.68.53264
White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenies. In: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. & White, T.J. (Eds.) PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, New York, 315–322 pp. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1
Yuan, M.S. & Sun, P.Q. (2007) Primary Color Atlas of Chinese Mushrooms. Sichuan Science and Technology Press, Chengdu, pp. 222–232. [in Chinese]