Abstract
In China, the European species, Hygrophorus chrysodon, is widely reported in western and northeastern provinces. After carefully comparing H. chrysodon from China and Europe, we found that the European and Chinese materials were different lineages in molecular trees, and there were also obvious differences in morphology between the two lineages. The evidence from morphology and phylogeny indicated that the presence of H. chrysodon in China is doubtful and that the Chinese material represents an undescribed species. Thus, H. aurantiosquamosus is proposed as a new species. This new taxon is characterized by its yellowish white pileus covered with golden yellow squamules, a stipe concolorous with the pileus and covered with yellow floccules, a distinct pileipellis composed of narrow hyphae with inflated terminal elements of various shapes (clavate, cylindrical, lacrymoid to subglobose), and elongate to subcylindrical basidiospores measuring 9.5–12 × 4–5.5 μm. The new species occurs in Picea forests at high elevations of western China, such as Qinghai, Sichuan, and Tibet provinces.
References
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<p>Fries, E.M. (1838) <em>Epicrisis Systema Mycologicum</em>. Typographia Academica, Uppsala.</p>
<p>Hall, T.A. (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analyses program for Windows 95/98/NT. <em>Nucleic Acids Symposium Series</em> 41: 95–98.</p>
<p>He, Z.M. & Yang, Z.L. (2021) A new clitocyboid genus <em>Spodocybe</em> and a new subfamily Cuphophylloideae in the family Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales). <em>Mycokeys</em> 79: 129–148. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.79.66302</p>
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<p>Hofstetter, V., Buyck, B., Eyssartier, G., Schnee, S. & Gindro, K. (2019) The unbearable lightness of sequenced-based identification. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 96: 243–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-019-00428-3</p>
<p>Hongo, T. (1982) Hygrophoraceae of Japan. <em>Memoirs of the Faculty of Liberal Arts and Education, Shiga University</em> 32: 85–92.</p>
<p>Huang, H.Y., Yang, S.D., Zeng, N.K., Zhang, G.L., Hu, Y. & Tang, L.P. (2018) <em>Hygrophorus parvirussula</em> <em>sp. nov.</em>, a new edible mushroom from southwestern China. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 373: 139–146. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.373.2.4</p>
<p>Huang, H.Y., Zhao, J., Zhang, P., Ge, Z.W., Li, X. & Tang, L.P. (2020) The genus <em>Clavariadelphus </em>(Clavariadelphaceae, Gomphales) in China. <em>Mycokeys</em> 70: 89–121. http://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.70.54149</p>
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<p>Kornerup, A. & Wanscher, J.H. (1981) <em>Taschenlexikon der Farben. 3. Aufl.</em> Muster-Schmidt Verlag, Göttingen.</p>
<p>Kranabetter, J.M., Friesen, J., Gamiet, S. & Kroeger, P. (2009) Epigeous fruiting bodies of ectomycorrhizal fungi as indicators of soil fertility and associated nitrogen status of boreal forests. <em>Mycorrhiza</em> 19: 535–548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-009-0255-0</p>
<p>Larsson, E., Kleine, J., Jacobsson, S. & Krikorev, M. (2018) Diversity within the <em>Hygrophorus agathosmus</em> group (basidiomycota, agaricales) in northern Europe. <em>Mycological Progress</em> 17: 1293–1304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-018-1445-y</p>
<p>Leonardi, M., Furtado, A., Comandini, O., Geml, J. & Rinaldi, A.C. (2020) Halimium as an ectomycorrhizal symbiont: new records and an appreciation of known fungal diversity. <em>Mycological Progress</em> 19: 1495–1509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-020-01641-0</p>
<p>Li, R.G. (1991) <em>Fungi of Jilin Province, Volume I.</em> Changchun: Northeast Normal University Press, 528 pp. [in Chinese]</p>
<p>Lodge, D.J., Padamsee, M., Matheny, P.B., Aime, M.C., Cantrell, S.A., Boertmann, D., Kovalenko, A., Vizzini, A., Dentinger, B.T.M., Kirk, P.M., Ainsworth, A.M., Moncalvo, J.M., Vilgalys, R., Larsson, E., Lücking, R., Griffith, G.W., Smith, M.E., Norvell, L.L., Desjardin, D.E., Redhead, S.A., Ovrebo, C.L., Lickey, E.B., Ercole, E., Hughes, K.W., Courtecuisse, R., Young, A., Binder, M., Minnis, A.M., Lindner, D.L., Ortiz-Santana, B., Haight, J., Læssøe, T., Baroni, T.J., Geml, J. & Hattori, T. (2014) Molecular phylogeny, morphology, pigment chemistry and ecology in Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales). <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 64: 1–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-013-0259-0</p>
<p>Mao, X.L. (1998) C<em>hinese Economic Fungus</em>. Beijing: Science Press, pp. 10–26. [in Chinese]</p>
<p>Miller, M.A., Pfeiffer, W. & Schwartz, T. (2010) Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. <em>In: Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE)</em>. <em>New Orleans</em>. LA, pp. 1–8. https://www.phylo.org/portal2/login!input.action</p>
<p>Moreau, P.A., Bellanger, J.M., Lebeuf, R., Athanassiou, Z., Athanasiades, A., Lambert, H., Schwarz, C., Larsson, E. & Loizides, M. (2018) Hidden diversity uncovered in <em>Hygrophorus</em> sect. <em>Aurei</em> (Hygrophoraceae), including the Mediterranean <em>H. meridionalis</em> and the north American <em>H. boyeri</em>, spp. nov. <em>Fungal Biology</em> 122: 817–836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2018.04.009</p>
<p>Nylander, J.A.A. (2004) <em>MrModeltest</em> v2. Program distributed by the author. Uppsala: Uppsala University, Evolutionary Biology Centre.</p>
<p>Osmundson, T.W., Robert, V.A., Schoch, C.L., Baker, L.J., Smith, A., Robich, G., Miz-zan, L. & Garbelotto, M.M. (2013) Filling Gaps in Biodiversity Knowledge for Macrofungi: Contributions and Assessment of an Herbarium Collection DNA Barcode Sequencing Project. <em>PLoS ONE</em> 8: e62419. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062419</p>
<p>Rambaut, A., Drummond, A.J., Xie, D., Baele, G. & Suchard, M.A. (2018) Posterior summarisation in Bayesian phylogenetics using Tracer 1.7. <em>Systematic Biology</em> 67: 901–904. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syy032</p>
<p>Rehner, S.A. & Buckley, E. (2005) A <em>Beauveria</em> phylogeny inferred from nuclear ITS and EF1-α sequences: evidence for cryptic diversification and links to <em>Cordyceps</em> teleomorphs. <em>Mycologia</em> 97: 84–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2006.11832842</p>
<p>Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Höhna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. <em>Systematic Biology</em> 61: 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029</p>
<p>Siegel, N. & Schwarz, C. (2016) <em>Mushrooms of the Redwood Coast</em>. Ten Speed Press, Berkeley, 272 pp.</p>
<p>Smith, M.E., Douhan, G.W. & Rizzo, D.M. (2007) Ectomycorrhizal community structure in a xeric <em>Quercus</em> woodland based on rDNA sequence analysis of sporocarps and pooled roots. <em>New Phytologist</em> 174: 847−863. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02040.x</p>
<p>Stamatakis, A., Hoover, P. & Rougemont, J. (2008) A rapid bootstrap algorithm for the RAxML Web servers. <em>Systematic Biology</em> 57: 758−771. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150802429642</p>
<p>Tang, L.P., Lee, S.S., Zeng, N.K., Cai, Q., Zhang, P. & Yang, Z.L. (2017) Notes on <em>Amanita</em> sect. <em>Caesareae</em> from Malaysia. <em>Mycologia</em> 109: 557–567. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2017.1394789</p>
<p>Vilgalys, R. & Hester, M. (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several <em>Cryptococcus</em> species. <em>Journal of Bacteriology</em> 172: 4238–4246. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.172.8.4238-4246.1990</p>
<p>Wang, C.Q. & Li, T.H. (2020) <em>Hygrophorus deliciosus</em> (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales), a popular edible mushroom of the <em>H. russula</em>-complex from southwestern China. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 449: 232–242. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.449.3.3</p>
<p>Wang, C.Q. & Li, T.H. (2021) <em>Hygrophorus annulatus</em>, a new edible member of the <em>H. olivaceoalbus</em>-complex from southwestern China. <em>Mycoscience </em>62: 137–142. https://doi.org/10.47371/mycosci.2021.01.001</p>
<p>Wang, C.Q., Li, T.H., Zhang, M., He, X.L., Qin, W.Q., Liu, T.Z., Zeng, N.K., Wang, X.H., Liu, J.W., Wei, T.Z., Xu, J., Li, Y.Q. & Shen, Y.H. (2020) <em>Hygrophorus</em> subsection <em>Hygrophorus</em> (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales) in China. <em>MycoKeys</em> 68: 49–73. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.68.53264</p>
<p>White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenies. <em>In</em>: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. & White, T.J. (Eds.) <em>PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. </em>Academic Press, New York, 315–322 pp. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1</p>
<p>Yuan, M.S. & Sun, P.Q. (2007) <em>Primary Color Atlas of Chinese Mushrooms</em>. Sichuan Science and Technology Press, Chengdu, pp. 222–232. [in Chinese]</p>
<p>Bowman, E.A. & Arnold, A.E. (2021) Drivers and implications of distance decay differ for ectomycorrhizal and foliar endophytic fungi across an anciently fragmented landscape. <em>The ISME Journal</em> 15: 3437–3454. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-021-01006-9</p>
<p>Candusso, M. (1997) <em>Hygrophorus s.l., Fungi Europaei 6.</em> Libreria Basso, Alassio, pp. 159–164.</p>
<p>Doyle, J.J. & Doyle, J.L. (1987) A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf material. <em>Phytochemical Bulletin</em> 19: 11–15.</p>
<p>Fries, E.M. (1838) <em>Epicrisis Systema Mycologicum</em>. Typographia Academica, Uppsala.</p>
<p>Hall, T.A. (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analyses program for Windows 95/98/NT. <em>Nucleic Acids Symposium Series</em> 41: 95–98.</p>
<p>He, Z.M. & Yang, Z.L. (2021) A new clitocyboid genus <em>Spodocybe</em> and a new subfamily Cuphophylloideae in the family Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales). <em>Mycokeys</em> 79: 129–148. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.79.66302</p>
<p>Hesler, L.R. & Smith, H. (1963) <em>North American species of Hygrophorus</em>. The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, pp. 249–251.</p>
<p>Hofstetter, V., Buyck, B., Eyssartier, G., Schnee, S. & Gindro, K. (2019) The unbearable lightness of sequenced-based identification. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 96: 243–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-019-00428-3</p>
<p>Hongo, T. (1982) Hygrophoraceae of Japan. <em>Memoirs of the Faculty of Liberal Arts and Education, Shiga University</em> 32: 85–92.</p>
<p>Huang, H.Y., Yang, S.D., Zeng, N.K., Zhang, G.L., Hu, Y. & Tang, L.P. (2018) <em>Hygrophorus parvirussula</em> <em>sp. nov.</em>, a new edible mushroom from southwestern China. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 373: 139–146. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.373.2.4</p>
<p>Huang, H.Y., Zhao, J., Zhang, P., Ge, Z.W., Li, X. & Tang, L.P. (2020) The genus <em>Clavariadelphus </em>(Clavariadelphaceae, Gomphales) in China. <em>Mycokeys</em> 70: 89–121. http://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.70.54149</p>
<p>Huang, H.Y., Zhang, W.H., Huang, T., Gabriel, M., Liu, T.Z. & Tang, L.P. (2021) <em>Hygrophorus russula</em> complex (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales) in China. <em>Mycological Progress</em> 20: 1115–1134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-021-01715-7</p>
<p>Katoh, K. & Standley, D.M. (2013) MAFFT Multiple Sequence Alignment Software Version 7: Improvements in Performance and Usability. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> 30: 772–780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010</p>
<p>Kennedy, P.G., Garibay-Orijel, R., Higgins, L.M. & Angeles-Arguiz, R. (2011) Ectomycorrhizal fungi in MexicanAlnusforests support the host co-migration hypothesis and continental-scale patterns in phylogeography. <em>Mycorrhiza</em> 21: 559–568. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-011-0366-2</p>
<p>Kornerup, A. & Wanscher, J.H. (1981) <em>Taschenlexikon der Farben. 3. Aufl.</em> Muster-Schmidt Verlag, Göttingen.</p>
<p>Kranabetter, J.M., Friesen, J., Gamiet, S. & Kroeger, P. (2009) Epigeous fruiting bodies of ectomycorrhizal fungi as indicators of soil fertility and associated nitrogen status of boreal forests. <em>Mycorrhiza</em> 19: 535–548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-009-0255-0</p>
<p>Larsson, E., Kleine, J., Jacobsson, S. & Krikorev, M. (2018) Diversity within the <em>Hygrophorus agathosmus</em> group (basidiomycota, agaricales) in northern Europe. <em>Mycological Progress</em> 17: 1293–1304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-018-1445-y</p>
<p>Leonardi, M., Furtado, A., Comandini, O., Geml, J. & Rinaldi, A.C. (2020) Halimium as an ectomycorrhizal symbiont: new records and an appreciation of known fungal diversity. <em>Mycological Progress</em> 19: 1495–1509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-020-01641-0</p>
<p>Li, R.G. (1991) <em>Fungi of Jilin Province, Volume I.</em> Changchun: Northeast Normal University Press, 528 pp. [in Chinese]</p>
<p>Lodge, D.J., Padamsee, M., Matheny, P.B., Aime, M.C., Cantrell, S.A., Boertmann, D., Kovalenko, A., Vizzini, A., Dentinger, B.T.M., Kirk, P.M., Ainsworth, A.M., Moncalvo, J.M., Vilgalys, R., Larsson, E., Lücking, R., Griffith, G.W., Smith, M.E., Norvell, L.L., Desjardin, D.E., Redhead, S.A., Ovrebo, C.L., Lickey, E.B., Ercole, E., Hughes, K.W., Courtecuisse, R., Young, A., Binder, M., Minnis, A.M., Lindner, D.L., Ortiz-Santana, B., Haight, J., Læssøe, T., Baroni, T.J., Geml, J. & Hattori, T. (2014) Molecular phylogeny, morphology, pigment chemistry and ecology in Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales). <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 64: 1–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-013-0259-0</p>
<p>Mao, X.L. (1998) C<em>hinese Economic Fungus</em>. Beijing: Science Press, pp. 10–26. [in Chinese]</p>
<p>Miller, M.A., Pfeiffer, W. & Schwartz, T. (2010) Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. <em>In: Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE)</em>. <em>New Orleans</em>. LA, pp. 1–8. https://www.phylo.org/portal2/login!input.action</p>
<p>Moreau, P.A., Bellanger, J.M., Lebeuf, R., Athanassiou, Z., Athanasiades, A., Lambert, H., Schwarz, C., Larsson, E. & Loizides, M. (2018) Hidden diversity uncovered in <em>Hygrophorus</em> sect. <em>Aurei</em> (Hygrophoraceae), including the Mediterranean <em>H. meridionalis</em> and the north American <em>H. boyeri</em>, spp. nov. <em>Fungal Biology</em> 122: 817–836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2018.04.009</p>
<p>Nylander, J.A.A. (2004) <em>MrModeltest</em> v2. Program distributed by the author. Uppsala: Uppsala University, Evolutionary Biology Centre.</p>
<p>Osmundson, T.W., Robert, V.A., Schoch, C.L., Baker, L.J., Smith, A., Robich, G., Miz-zan, L. & Garbelotto, M.M. (2013) Filling Gaps in Biodiversity Knowledge for Macrofungi: Contributions and Assessment of an Herbarium Collection DNA Barcode Sequencing Project. <em>PLoS ONE</em> 8: e62419. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062419</p>
<p>Rambaut, A., Drummond, A.J., Xie, D., Baele, G. & Suchard, M.A. (2018) Posterior summarisation in Bayesian phylogenetics using Tracer 1.7. <em>Systematic Biology</em> 67: 901–904. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syy032</p>
<p>Rehner, S.A. & Buckley, E. (2005) A <em>Beauveria</em> phylogeny inferred from nuclear ITS and EF1-α sequences: evidence for cryptic diversification and links to <em>Cordyceps</em> teleomorphs. <em>Mycologia</em> 97: 84–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2006.11832842</p>
<p>Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., Mark, P., Ayres, D.L., Darling, A., Höhna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. <em>Systematic Biology</em> 61: 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029</p>
<p>Siegel, N. & Schwarz, C. (2016) <em>Mushrooms of the Redwood Coast</em>. Ten Speed Press, Berkeley, 272 pp.</p>
<p>Smith, M.E., Douhan, G.W. & Rizzo, D.M. (2007) Ectomycorrhizal community structure in a xeric <em>Quercus</em> woodland based on rDNA sequence analysis of sporocarps and pooled roots. <em>New Phytologist</em> 174: 847−863. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02040.x</p>
<p>Stamatakis, A., Hoover, P. & Rougemont, J. (2008) A rapid bootstrap algorithm for the RAxML Web servers. <em>Systematic Biology</em> 57: 758−771. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150802429642</p>
<p>Tang, L.P., Lee, S.S., Zeng, N.K., Cai, Q., Zhang, P. & Yang, Z.L. (2017) Notes on <em>Amanita</em> sect. <em>Caesareae</em> from Malaysia. <em>Mycologia</em> 109: 557–567. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2017.1394789</p>
<p>Vilgalys, R. & Hester, M. (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several <em>Cryptococcus</em> species. <em>Journal of Bacteriology</em> 172: 4238–4246. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.172.8.4238-4246.1990</p>
<p>Wang, C.Q. & Li, T.H. (2020) <em>Hygrophorus deliciosus</em> (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales), a popular edible mushroom of the <em>H. russula</em>-complex from southwestern China. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 449: 232–242. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.449.3.3</p>
<p>Wang, C.Q. & Li, T.H. (2021) <em>Hygrophorus annulatus</em>, a new edible member of the <em>H. olivaceoalbus</em>-complex from southwestern China. <em>Mycoscience </em>62: 137–142. https://doi.org/10.47371/mycosci.2021.01.001</p>
<p>Wang, C.Q., Li, T.H., Zhang, M., He, X.L., Qin, W.Q., Liu, T.Z., Zeng, N.K., Wang, X.H., Liu, J.W., Wei, T.Z., Xu, J., Li, Y.Q. & Shen, Y.H. (2020) <em>Hygrophorus</em> subsection <em>Hygrophorus</em> (Hygrophoraceae, Agaricales) in China. <em>MycoKeys</em> 68: 49–73. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.68.53264</p>
<p>White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenies. <em>In</em>: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. & White, T.J. (Eds.) <em>PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. </em>Academic Press, New York, 315–322 pp. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1</p>
<p>Yuan, M.S. & Sun, P.Q. (2007) <em>Primary Color Atlas of Chinese Mushrooms</em>. Sichuan Science and Technology Press, Chengdu, pp. 222–232. [in Chinese]</p>