Abstract
A new species of Cremastra (Orchidaceae), C. saprophytica, is described from Gifu Prefecture, Japan. The new species is similar to C. aphylla in having a leafless and mycoheterotrophic habit. However, it is distinguishable from C. aphylla by its green stem, more closed perianth tube, smaller lateral lobes of lip, smaller callus of lip positioned at base of the midlobe and absence of a rostellum and viscidium. An illustration and ecological information on the new species are provided. A key to the Cremastra species is also provided.
References
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<p>Lindley, J. (1833) <em>The genera and species of orchidaceous plants</em>. Ridgeways, London.</p>
<p>Lund, I.D. (1988) The genus <em>Cremastra</em> (Orchidaceae), a taxonomic revision. <em>Nordic Journal of Botany</em> 8: 197–203. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1988.tb00502.x</p>
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<p>Suetsugu, K. (2013a) Autogamous fruit set in a mycoheterotrophic orchid <em>Cyrtosia septentrionalis</em>. <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution</em> 299: 481–486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-012-0736-z</p>
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<p>Suetsugu, K. (2015) Autonomous self-pollination and insect visitors in partially and fully mycoheterotrophic species of <em>Cymbidium</em> (Orchidaceae). <em>Journal of Plant Research</em> 128: 115–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-014-0669-4</p>
<p>Suetsugu, K., Haraguchi, T.F. & Tayasu, I. (2021) Novel mycorrhizal cheating in a green orchid: <em>Cremastra appendiculata</em> depends on carbon from deadwood through fungal associations. <em>New Phytologist</em>. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17313</p>
<p>Suetsugu, K., Matsubayashi, J. & Tayasu, I. (2020) Some mycoheterotrophic orchids depend on carbon from dead wood: novel evidence from a radiocarbon approach. <em>New Phytologist</em> 227: 1519–1529. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16409</p>
<p>Suetsugu, K., Ohta, T. & Tayasu, I. (2018) Partial mycoheterotrophy in the leafless orchid <em>Cymbidium macrorhizon</em>. <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 105: 1595–1600. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1142</p>
<p>Tremblay, R.L., Ackerman, J.D., Zimmerman, J.K. & Calvo, R.N. (2004) Variation in sexual reproduction in orchids and its evolutionary consequences: a spasmodic journey to diversification. <em>Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</em> 84: 1–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00400.x</p>
<p>Watthana, S., Fujikawa, K. & Kertsawang, K. (2015) First record of <em>Cremastra</em> Lindl.(Orchidaceae) in Myanmar. <em>Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica</em> 66: 197–200.</p>
<p>Yagame, T., Funabiki, E., Nagasawa, E., Fukiharu, T. & Iwase, K. (2013) Identification and symbiotic ability of Psathyrellaceae fungi isolated from a photosynthetic orchid, <em>Cremastra appendiculata</em> (Orchidaceae). <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 100: 1823–1830. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1300099</p>
<p>Yukawa, T. (1999) <em>Cremastra aphylla</em> (Orchidaceae), a new mycoparasitic species from Japan. <em>Annals of the Tsukuba Botanical Garden</em> 18: 59–63.</p>
<p>Zhou, X., Lin, H., Fan, X.L. & Gao, J.Y. (2012) Autonomous self-pollination and insect visitation in a saprophytic orchid, <em>Epipogium roseum</em> (D.Don) Lindl. <em>Australian Journal of Botany</em> 60: 154–159. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT11265</p>
<p>Zimmer, K., Meyer, C. & Gebauer, G. (2008) The ectomycorrhizal specialist orchid <em>Corallorhiza trifida</em> is a partial myco-heterotroph. <em>New Phytologist</em> 178: 395–400. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02362.x</p>
<p>Chase, M.W., Cameron, K.M., Freudenstein, J.V., Pridgeon, A.M., Salazar, G., Van den Berg, C. & Schuiteman, A. (2015) An updated classification of Orchidaceae. <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</em> 177: 151–174. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12234</p>
<p>Chen, Q.H. & Chen, S.C. (2003) Additions to the orchid flora of Guizhou, China. <em>Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica</em> 41: 263.</p>
<p>Chung, M.Y. & Chung, M.G. (2003) The breeding systems of <em>Cremastra appendiculata</em> and <em>Cymbidium goeringii</em>: high levels of annual fruit failure in two self-compatible orchids. <em>Annales Botanici Fennici</em> 40: 81–85.</p>
<p>Don, D. (1825)<em> Prodromus florae Nepalensis</em>. Gale, London, 256 pp.</p>
<p>Finet, M.E. (1896) III.—Note sur deux especes nouvelles d’ <em>Oreorchis</em>. <em>Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France</em> 43: 697–698. https://doi.org/10.1080/00378941.1896.10830726</p>
<p>Finet, M.E. (1897) IV.—Sur le genre <em>Oreorchis</em> Lindley. <em>Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France</em> 44: 69–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/00378941.1897.10830738</p>
<p>Freudenstein, J.V., Yukawa, T. & Luo, Y. (2017) A reanalysis of relationships among Calypsoinae (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae): floral and vegetative evolution and the placement of <em>Yoania</em>. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 42: 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364417X694944</p>
<p>Hu, G.W., Long, C.L. & Motley, T.J. (2013) <em>Cremastra malipoensis</em> (Orchidaceae), a new species from Yunnan, China. <em>Systematic Botany</em> 38: 64–68. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413X662033</p>
<p>Kobayashi, K., Suetsugu, K. & Wada, H. (2021) The leafless orchid <em>Cymbidium macrorhizon</em> performs photosynthesis in the pericarp during the fruiting season. <em>Plant and Cell Physiology</em> 62: 472–481. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcab006</p>
<p>Leake, J.R. (1994) The biology of myco-heterotrophic (‘saprophytic’) plants. <em>New Phytologist</em> 127: 171–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1994.tb04272.x</p>
<p>Lindley, J. (1833) <em>The genera and species of orchidaceous plants</em>. Ridgeways, London.</p>
<p>Lund, I.D. (1988) The genus <em>Cremastra</em> (Orchidaceae), a taxonomic revision. <em>Nordic Journal of Botany</em> 8: 197–203. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1988.tb00502.x</p>
<p>Makino, T. (1904) Observations on the flora of Japan. <em>Botanical Magazine Tokyo</em> 18: 14–24. https://doi.org/10.15281/jplantres1887.18.203_14</p>
<p>Martos, F., Dulormne, M., Pailler, T., Bonfante, P., Faccio, A., Fournel, J., Dubois, M.P. & Selosse, M.A. (2009) Independent recruitment of saprotrophic fungi as mycorrhizal partners by tropical achlorophyllous orchids. <em>New Phytologist</em> 184: 668–681. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02987.x</p>
<p>Suetsugu, K. (2013a) Autogamous fruit set in a mycoheterotrophic orchid <em>Cyrtosia septentrionalis</em>. <em>Plant Systematics and Evolution</em> 299: 481–486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-012-0736-z</p>
<p>Suetsugu, K. (2013b) Delayed autonomous self-pollination in two Japanese varieties of <em>Epipactis helleborine</em> (Orchidaceae). <em>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</em> 173: 733–743. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12111</p>
<p>Suetsugu, K. (2015) Autonomous self-pollination and insect visitors in partially and fully mycoheterotrophic species of <em>Cymbidium</em> (Orchidaceae). <em>Journal of Plant Research</em> 128: 115–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-014-0669-4</p>
<p>Suetsugu, K., Haraguchi, T.F. & Tayasu, I. (2021) Novel mycorrhizal cheating in a green orchid: <em>Cremastra appendiculata</em> depends on carbon from deadwood through fungal associations. <em>New Phytologist</em>. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.17313</p>
<p>Suetsugu, K., Matsubayashi, J. & Tayasu, I. (2020) Some mycoheterotrophic orchids depend on carbon from dead wood: novel evidence from a radiocarbon approach. <em>New Phytologist</em> 227: 1519–1529. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.16409</p>
<p>Suetsugu, K., Ohta, T. & Tayasu, I. (2018) Partial mycoheterotrophy in the leafless orchid <em>Cymbidium macrorhizon</em>. <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 105: 1595–1600. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1142</p>
<p>Tremblay, R.L., Ackerman, J.D., Zimmerman, J.K. & Calvo, R.N. (2004) Variation in sexual reproduction in orchids and its evolutionary consequences: a spasmodic journey to diversification. <em>Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</em> 84: 1–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00400.x</p>
<p>Watthana, S., Fujikawa, K. & Kertsawang, K. (2015) First record of <em>Cremastra</em> Lindl.(Orchidaceae) in Myanmar. <em>Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica</em> 66: 197–200.</p>
<p>Yagame, T., Funabiki, E., Nagasawa, E., Fukiharu, T. & Iwase, K. (2013) Identification and symbiotic ability of Psathyrellaceae fungi isolated from a photosynthetic orchid, <em>Cremastra appendiculata</em> (Orchidaceae). <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 100: 1823–1830. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1300099</p>
<p>Yukawa, T. (1999) <em>Cremastra aphylla</em> (Orchidaceae), a new mycoparasitic species from Japan. <em>Annals of the Tsukuba Botanical Garden</em> 18: 59–63.</p>
<p>Zhou, X., Lin, H., Fan, X.L. & Gao, J.Y. (2012) Autonomous self-pollination and insect visitation in a saprophytic orchid, <em>Epipogium roseum</em> (D.Don) Lindl. <em>Australian Journal of Botany</em> 60: 154–159. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT11265</p>
<p>Zimmer, K., Meyer, C. & Gebauer, G. (2008) The ectomycorrhizal specialist orchid <em>Corallorhiza trifida</em> is a partial myco-heterotroph. <em>New Phytologist</em> 178: 395–400. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02362.x</p>