Abstract
Gamochaeta (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) consists of about 60 species primarily distributed in tropical and subtropical America. Gamochaeta americana and G. coarctata are closely related species that have been mainly differentiated by its phyllary apices, plant height, width of basal leaves, and involucre height. In order to evaluate whether G. americana and G. coarctata can be differentiated on a morphological basis, we performed a morphometric analysis. A matrix of 24 morphological characters and 99 specimens was analyzed using two multivariate approaches: Cluster Analysis and Principal Coordinate Analysis. Both, the dendrogram and the Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA), showed that the two species are not clearly distinguished. No discriminating morphological characters for the two species have been found. In conclusion, all available data support that G. coarctata should be considered a synonym of G. americana. Lectotype is designated for Gnaphalium purpureum var. macrophyllum, and G. americana is described and illustrated.
References
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Anderberg, A.A. (1991) Taxonomy and phylogeny of the tribe Gnaphalieae (Asteraceae). Opera Botanica 104: 1–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00937947
Aristeguieta, L. (1964) Compositae: Gnaphalium. In: Lasser, T. (Ed.) Flora de Venezuela 10 (1). Instituto Botánico, Dirección de Recursos Naturales Renovables. Ministerio de Agricultura y Cría, Caracas, Venezuela, pp. 351–365.
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Cabrera, A.L. (1961) Observaciones sobre las Inuleae-Gnaphalineae (Compositae) de América del Sur. Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 9: 359–386.
Cabrera, A.L. (1963) Compositae: Gamochaeta. In: Cabrera, A.L. (Ed.) Flora de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Colección Científica del INTA, Buenos Aires, pp. 166–178.
Cabrera, A.L. (1971) Compositae: Gamochaeta. In: Correa, M.N. (Ed.) Flora Patagónica. Colección Científica del INTA, Buenos Aires, pp. 117–127.
Cabrera, A.L. (1974) Compositae: Gamochaeta. In: Burkart, A. (Ed.) Flora Ilustrada de Entre Ríos (Argentina). Colección Científica del INTA, Buenos Aires, pp. 319–327.
Cabrera, A.L. (1978) Compositae: Gamochaeta. In: Cabrera, A.L. (Ed.) Flora de la Provincia de Jujuy, República Argentina. Colección Científica del INTA, Buenos Aires, pp. 302–311.
Christodoulou, M.D., Clark, J.Y. & Culham, A. (2020) The Cinderella discipline: morphometrics and their use in botanical classification. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 385–396. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boaa055
Cruz-Lustre, G., Batista, J.A., Radins, J.A., González, A. & Borba, E.L. (2020) Morphometric analysis of the Habenaria parviflora complex (Orchidaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 306 (2): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01634-2
D’Arcy, W.G. (1975) Inuleae. In: Woodson, R.E. & Schery, R.W. (Eds.) Flora of Panama. Part. IX. Family 184. Compositae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Saint Louis, pp. 1033–1053.
Davies, P.H. & Heywood, V.H. (1967) Principles of angiosperm taxonomy. Oliver & Boyd, Edimburgh and London, 556 pp.
Dillon, M.O. & Sagástegui-Alva, A. (1991a) Sinopsis de los géneros de Gnaphaliinae (Asteraceae-Inuleae) de Sudamérica. Arnaldoa 1: 5–91.
Dillon, M.O. & Sagástegui-Alva, A. (1991b) Gamochaeta. In: Macbride, J.F. & collab. (Eds.) Flora of Peru, Family Asteraceae: Part V. Fieldiana Botany, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, pp. 27–32.
Di Rienzo, J.A., Casanoves, F., Balzarini, M.G., Gonzalez, L., Tablada, M. & Robledo, C.W. (2016) Grupo InfoStat, FCA, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina. http://www.infostat.com.ar.
Drury, D.G. (1971) The American spicate cudweeds adventive to New Zealand (Gnaphalium section Gamochaeta - Compositae). New Zealand Journal of Botany 9: 157–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.1971.10430174
Fernández, M., Ezcurra, C. & Calviño, C.I. (2017) Species limits and morphometric and environmental variation within the South Andean and Patagonian Mulinum spinosum species-group (Apiaceae-Azorelloideae). Systematics and Biodiversity 15 (5): 489–505. https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2016.1273975
Freire, S.E. (1998) Inuleae. Compositae. In: Bocquet, G.F. & Crosby, M.R. (Eds.) Flora del Paraguay, vol. 27. Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève-Missouri Botanical Garden, Genève & St Louis, pp. 1–100.
Freire, S.E. & Iharlegui, L. (1997) Sinopsis preliminar del género Gamochaeta (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae). Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 33: 23–35.
Freire, S.E. & Iharlegui, L. (2014) Gamochaeta. In: Freire, S.E. (Coord.), Anton, A.M., Zuloaga, F.O., Belgrano, M.J. (Eds.) Flora Vascular Argentina, Asteraceae: Anthemideae-Gnaphalieae. Estudio Sigma, Buenos Aires, pp. 463–482.
Freire, S.E., Salomón, L., Bayón, N.D., Baeza, C.M., Muñoz Schick, M. & Migoya, M.A. (2016) Taxonomic revision of the genus Gamochaeta (Gnaphalieae, Asteraceae) in Chile. Gayana Botanica 73 (2): 292–345. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-66432016000200292
Gandoger, M.M. (1918) Sertum plantarum novarum. Pars prima. Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 65: 24–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/00378941.1918.10836046
Gaudichaud, C. (1825) Rapport sur la Flore des Iles Malouines. Annales des Sciences Naturelles 5: 89–110.
Godfrey, R.K. (1958) A synopsis of Gnaphalium (Compositae) in the southeastern United States. Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 21: 177–184.
Gower, J.C. (1971) A general coefficient of similarity and some of its properties. Biometrics 27: 857–871. https://doi.org/10.2307/2528823
Greenman, J.M. (1904) New and Otherwise Noteworthy Angiosperms from Mexico and Central America. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 39 (5): 69–120. https://doi.org/10.2307/20021858
Grossi, M.A., Gutiérrez, D.G., Berrueta, P.C. & Martínez, J.J. (2011) Acanthostyles (Asteraceae, Eupatorieae): a revision with a multivariate analysis. Australian Systematic Botany 24: 87–103. https://doi.org/10.1071/SB10038
Hammer, Ø. & Harper, D. (2006) Paleontological Data Analysis. Blackwell Publishing Malden, Oxford, 351 pp. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470750711
Hieronymus, G.H. (1900) Aloysinus Sodiro, S.J.: Plantae ecuadorenses. II. Compositae. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeshichte und Pflanzengeographie 29: 1–85.
Hind, D.J.N. (2011) An annotated preliminary checklist of the Compositae of Bolivia (Version 2). Available from: http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/boliviacompositae/ (accessed 5 May 2021).
Hooker, J.D. (1846) The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of H.M. Discovery Ships Erebus and Terror in the Years 1839–1843, Under the Command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross. Vol. 1: Flora Antarctica. Reeve Brothers, London, pp. 574. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.16028
Kerguélen, M. (1987) Données Taxonomiques, nomenclaturales et chorologiques pour une révision de la Flore de France. Lejeunia 120: 1–264.
Klatt, F.W. (1878) Die Gnaphalien Amerikas. Eine Studie. Linnaea 42 (1): 111–144.
Lamarck, J.B. (1788) Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique, vol. 2. Panckoucke, Paris, 774 pp.
Lopez Laphitz, R.M., Ma, Y. & Semple, J.C. (2011) A Multivariate Study of Solidago subsect. Junceae and a New Species in South America (Asteraceae: Astereae). Novon 21: 219–225. https://doi.org/10.3417/2010088
Miller, P. (1768) The Gardeners Dictionary, ed. 8, vol. 2. Published by the author, London, 1300 pp.
Mapaya, R.J. & Cron, G.V. (2016) A phenetic study of the Emilia coccinea complex (Asteraceae, Senecioneae) in Africa. Plant Systematics and Evolution 302: 703–720. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-016-1294-6
Meade, C. & Parnell, J. (2003) Multivariate analysis of leaf shape patterns in Asian species of the Uvaria group (Annonaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 143: 231–242. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.00223.x
Moore, S.L.M. (1936) Family CXXV. Compositae. In: Fawcett, W. & Rendle, A.B. (Eds.) Flora of Jamaica, vol. 7. British Museum, London, pp. 150–289.
Miller, P. (1768) The Gardeners Dictionary, ed. 8. Published by the author, London, without pagination.
Nesom, G.L. (1990a) Taxonomic status of Gamochaeta (Asteraceae: Inuleae) and the species of the United States. Phytologia 68 (3): 186–198. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.16708
Nesom, G.L. (1990b) A new combination and new species in Gamochaeta (Asteraceae: Inuleae) from Central America. Phytologia 68 (3): 199–201. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.16709
Nesom, G.L. (2004a) New species of Gamochaeta (Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae) from the eastern United States with comments on similar species. Sida 21: 717–741.
Nesom, G.L. (2004b) New distribution records for Gamochaeta (Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae) in the United States. Sida 21: 1175–1185.
Nesom, G.L. (2006) Gamochaeta (Gnaphalieae). In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.) Flora of North America North of Mexico, vol. 19. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 431–438.
Owen, E., Semple, J.C. & Baum, B.R. (2006) A multivariate morphometric analysis of the Symphyotrichum boreale – S. nahanniense – S. welshii complex (Asteraceae: Astereae). Canadian Journal of Botany 84: 1282–1297. https://doi.org/10.1139/b06-091
Porter, D.M. (1986) Charles Darwin’s Vascular Plant Specimens from the Voyage of HMS Beagle. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 93: 1–172. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1986.tb01019.x
Pruski, J.F. (2018) Pseudognaphalium. In: Davidse, G., Sousa Sánchez, M., Knapp, S. & Chiang Cabrera, F. (Eds.) Flora Mesoamericana, vol 5 (2). Missouri Botanical Garden, Saint Louis, pp. 222–231.
Pruski, J. & Nesom, G.L. (2004) Gamochaeta coarctata, the correct name for Gamochaeta spicata (Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae). Sida 21: 711–716.
Radford, A.E. (1986) Fundamentals of plant systematics. Harper and Row, New York, 498 pp.
Robbiati, F.O., Anton, A.M. & Fortunato, R.H. (2014) A New Synonym in Senna, Series Aphyllae (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae). Systematic Botany 39 (4): 1120–1126. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364414X683840
Sneath, P.H.A. & Sokal, R.R. (1973) Numerical taxonomy. The principles and practice of numerical classification. Freeman WH and company press, San Francisco, 573 pp.
Thiers, B. (continuously updated). Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed 5 May 2021)
Urtubey, E., López, A., Chemisquy, M.A., Anderberg, A.A, Baeza, C.M., Bayón, N.D., Deble, L.P., Moreira-Muñoz, A., Nesom, G.L., Alford, M.H., Salomón, L. & Freire, S.E. (2016) New circumscription of Gamochaeta (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) Inferred from Nuclear and Plastid DNA Sequences. Plant Systematics and Evolution 302 (8): 1047–1066. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-016-1316-4
Ward, J.M. (1993) Systematics of New Zealand Inuleae (Compositae-Asteraceae), 2. A numerical phenetic study of Raoulia in relation to allied genera. New Zealand Journal of Botany 31: 29–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.1993.10419532
Weddell, H.A. (1856) Chloris Andina. Essai d‘une flore de la région alpine des Cordillères de l‘Amérique du Sud. In: Castelnau, F. (Ed.) Expédition dans l‘Amérique du Sud, vol. 1. [Partie 1–6]. P. Bertrand, Paris, 232 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.217
Willdenow, C.L. (1803) Species plantarum, ed. 4, vol. 3 (3). G. C. Nauk, Berlin, pp. 1477–2409.
Anderberg, A.A. (1991) Taxonomy and phylogeny of the tribe Gnaphalieae (Asteraceae). Opera Botanica 104: 1–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00937947
Aristeguieta, L. (1964) Compositae: Gnaphalium. In: Lasser, T. (Ed.) Flora de Venezuela 10 (1). Instituto Botánico, Dirección de Recursos Naturales Renovables. Ministerio de Agricultura y Cría, Caracas, Venezuela, pp. 351–365.
Bayer, R.J., Breitwieser, I., Ward, J. & Puttock, C. (2007) Tribe Gnaphalieae. In: Kadereit, J.W. & Jeffrey, C. (eds.) Kubitzki, K. (Series Ed.) The families and genera of vascular plants, vol. 8. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 246–283.
Cabrera, A.L. (1961) Observaciones sobre las Inuleae-Gnaphalineae (Compositae) de América del Sur. Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 9: 359–386.
Cabrera, A.L. (1963) Compositae: Gamochaeta. In: Cabrera, A.L. (Ed.) Flora de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Colección Científica del INTA, Buenos Aires, pp. 166–178.
Cabrera, A.L. (1971) Compositae: Gamochaeta. In: Correa, M.N. (Ed.) Flora Patagónica. Colección Científica del INTA, Buenos Aires, pp. 117–127.
Cabrera, A.L. (1974) Compositae: Gamochaeta. In: Burkart, A. (Ed.) Flora Ilustrada de Entre Ríos (Argentina). Colección Científica del INTA, Buenos Aires, pp. 319–327.
Cabrera, A.L. (1978) Compositae: Gamochaeta. In: Cabrera, A.L. (Ed.) Flora de la Provincia de Jujuy, República Argentina. Colección Científica del INTA, Buenos Aires, pp. 302–311.
Christodoulou, M.D., Clark, J.Y. & Culham, A. (2020) The Cinderella discipline: morphometrics and their use in botanical classification. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (4): 385–396. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boaa055
Cruz-Lustre, G., Batista, J.A., Radins, J.A., González, A. & Borba, E.L. (2020) Morphometric analysis of the Habenaria parviflora complex (Orchidaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 306 (2): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01634-2
D’Arcy, W.G. (1975) Inuleae. In: Woodson, R.E. & Schery, R.W. (Eds.) Flora of Panama. Part. IX. Family 184. Compositae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Saint Louis, pp. 1033–1053.
Davies, P.H. & Heywood, V.H. (1967) Principles of angiosperm taxonomy. Oliver & Boyd, Edimburgh and London, 556 pp.
Dillon, M.O. & Sagástegui-Alva, A. (1991a) Sinopsis de los géneros de Gnaphaliinae (Asteraceae-Inuleae) de Sudamérica. Arnaldoa 1: 5–91.
Dillon, M.O. & Sagástegui-Alva, A. (1991b) Gamochaeta. In: Macbride, J.F. & collab. (Eds.) Flora of Peru, Family Asteraceae: Part V. Fieldiana Botany, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, pp. 27–32.
Di Rienzo, J.A., Casanoves, F., Balzarini, M.G., Gonzalez, L., Tablada, M. & Robledo, C.W. (2016) Grupo InfoStat, FCA, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina. http://www.infostat.com.ar.
Drury, D.G. (1971) The American spicate cudweeds adventive to New Zealand (Gnaphalium section Gamochaeta - Compositae). New Zealand Journal of Botany 9: 157–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.1971.10430174
Fernández, M., Ezcurra, C. & Calviño, C.I. (2017) Species limits and morphometric and environmental variation within the South Andean and Patagonian Mulinum spinosum species-group (Apiaceae-Azorelloideae). Systematics and Biodiversity 15 (5): 489–505. https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2016.1273975
Freire, S.E. (1998) Inuleae. Compositae. In: Bocquet, G.F. & Crosby, M.R. (Eds.) Flora del Paraguay, vol. 27. Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève-Missouri Botanical Garden, Genève & St Louis, pp. 1–100.
Freire, S.E. & Iharlegui, L. (1997) Sinopsis preliminar del género Gamochaeta (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae). Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 33: 23–35.
Freire, S.E. & Iharlegui, L. (2014) Gamochaeta. In: Freire, S.E. (Coord.), Anton, A.M., Zuloaga, F.O., Belgrano, M.J. (Eds.) Flora Vascular Argentina, Asteraceae: Anthemideae-Gnaphalieae. Estudio Sigma, Buenos Aires, pp. 463–482.
Freire, S.E., Salomón, L., Bayón, N.D., Baeza, C.M., Muñoz Schick, M. & Migoya, M.A. (2016) Taxonomic revision of the genus Gamochaeta (Gnaphalieae, Asteraceae) in Chile. Gayana Botanica 73 (2): 292–345. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-66432016000200292
Gandoger, M.M. (1918) Sertum plantarum novarum. Pars prima. Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 65: 24–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/00378941.1918.10836046
Gaudichaud, C. (1825) Rapport sur la Flore des Iles Malouines. Annales des Sciences Naturelles 5: 89–110.
Godfrey, R.K. (1958) A synopsis of Gnaphalium (Compositae) in the southeastern United States. Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 21: 177–184.
Gower, J.C. (1971) A general coefficient of similarity and some of its properties. Biometrics 27: 857–871. https://doi.org/10.2307/2528823
Greenman, J.M. (1904) New and Otherwise Noteworthy Angiosperms from Mexico and Central America. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 39 (5): 69–120. https://doi.org/10.2307/20021858
Grossi, M.A., Gutiérrez, D.G., Berrueta, P.C. & Martínez, J.J. (2011) Acanthostyles (Asteraceae, Eupatorieae): a revision with a multivariate analysis. Australian Systematic Botany 24: 87–103. https://doi.org/10.1071/SB10038
Hammer, Ø. & Harper, D. (2006) Paleontological Data Analysis. Blackwell Publishing Malden, Oxford, 351 pp. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470750711
Hieronymus, G.H. (1900) Aloysinus Sodiro, S.J.: Plantae ecuadorenses. II. Compositae. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeshichte und Pflanzengeographie 29: 1–85.
Hind, D.J.N. (2011) An annotated preliminary checklist of the Compositae of Bolivia (Version 2). Available from: http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/boliviacompositae/ (accessed 5 May 2021).
Hooker, J.D. (1846) The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of H.M. Discovery Ships Erebus and Terror in the Years 1839–1843, Under the Command of Captain Sir James Clark Ross. Vol. 1: Flora Antarctica. Reeve Brothers, London, pp. 574. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.16028
Kerguélen, M. (1987) Données Taxonomiques, nomenclaturales et chorologiques pour une révision de la Flore de France. Lejeunia 120: 1–264.
Klatt, F.W. (1878) Die Gnaphalien Amerikas. Eine Studie. Linnaea 42 (1): 111–144.
Lamarck, J.B. (1788) Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique, vol. 2. Panckoucke, Paris, 774 pp.
Lopez Laphitz, R.M., Ma, Y. & Semple, J.C. (2011) A Multivariate Study of Solidago subsect. Junceae and a New Species in South America (Asteraceae: Astereae). Novon 21: 219–225. https://doi.org/10.3417/2010088
Miller, P. (1768) The Gardeners Dictionary, ed. 8, vol. 2. Published by the author, London, 1300 pp.
Mapaya, R.J. & Cron, G.V. (2016) A phenetic study of the Emilia coccinea complex (Asteraceae, Senecioneae) in Africa. Plant Systematics and Evolution 302: 703–720. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-016-1294-6
Meade, C. & Parnell, J. (2003) Multivariate analysis of leaf shape patterns in Asian species of the Uvaria group (Annonaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 143: 231–242. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.00223.x
Moore, S.L.M. (1936) Family CXXV. Compositae. In: Fawcett, W. & Rendle, A.B. (Eds.) Flora of Jamaica, vol. 7. British Museum, London, pp. 150–289.
Miller, P. (1768) The Gardeners Dictionary, ed. 8. Published by the author, London, without pagination.
Nesom, G.L. (1990a) Taxonomic status of Gamochaeta (Asteraceae: Inuleae) and the species of the United States. Phytologia 68 (3): 186–198. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.16708
Nesom, G.L. (1990b) A new combination and new species in Gamochaeta (Asteraceae: Inuleae) from Central America. Phytologia 68 (3): 199–201. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.16709
Nesom, G.L. (2004a) New species of Gamochaeta (Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae) from the eastern United States with comments on similar species. Sida 21: 717–741.
Nesom, G.L. (2004b) New distribution records for Gamochaeta (Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae) in the United States. Sida 21: 1175–1185.
Nesom, G.L. (2006) Gamochaeta (Gnaphalieae). In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.) Flora of North America North of Mexico, vol. 19. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 431–438.
Owen, E., Semple, J.C. & Baum, B.R. (2006) A multivariate morphometric analysis of the Symphyotrichum boreale – S. nahanniense – S. welshii complex (Asteraceae: Astereae). Canadian Journal of Botany 84: 1282–1297. https://doi.org/10.1139/b06-091
Porter, D.M. (1986) Charles Darwin’s Vascular Plant Specimens from the Voyage of HMS Beagle. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 93: 1–172. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1986.tb01019.x
Pruski, J.F. (2018) Pseudognaphalium. In: Davidse, G., Sousa Sánchez, M., Knapp, S. & Chiang Cabrera, F. (Eds.) Flora Mesoamericana, vol 5 (2). Missouri Botanical Garden, Saint Louis, pp. 222–231.
Pruski, J. & Nesom, G.L. (2004) Gamochaeta coarctata, the correct name for Gamochaeta spicata (Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae). Sida 21: 711–716.
Radford, A.E. (1986) Fundamentals of plant systematics. Harper and Row, New York, 498 pp.
Robbiati, F.O., Anton, A.M. & Fortunato, R.H. (2014) A New Synonym in Senna, Series Aphyllae (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae). Systematic Botany 39 (4): 1120–1126. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364414X683840
Sneath, P.H.A. & Sokal, R.R. (1973) Numerical taxonomy. The principles and practice of numerical classification. Freeman WH and company press, San Francisco, 573 pp.
Thiers, B. (continuously updated). Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed 5 May 2021)
Urtubey, E., López, A., Chemisquy, M.A., Anderberg, A.A, Baeza, C.M., Bayón, N.D., Deble, L.P., Moreira-Muñoz, A., Nesom, G.L., Alford, M.H., Salomón, L. & Freire, S.E. (2016) New circumscription of Gamochaeta (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) Inferred from Nuclear and Plastid DNA Sequences. Plant Systematics and Evolution 302 (8): 1047–1066. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-016-1316-4
Ward, J.M. (1993) Systematics of New Zealand Inuleae (Compositae-Asteraceae), 2. A numerical phenetic study of Raoulia in relation to allied genera. New Zealand Journal of Botany 31: 29–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.1993.10419532
Weddell, H.A. (1856) Chloris Andina. Essai d‘une flore de la région alpine des Cordillères de l‘Amérique du Sud. In: Castelnau, F. (Ed.) Expédition dans l‘Amérique du Sud, vol. 1. [Partie 1–6]. P. Bertrand, Paris, 232 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.217
Willdenow, C.L. (1803) Species plantarum, ed. 4, vol. 3 (3). G. C. Nauk, Berlin, pp. 1477–2409.