Abstract
The Myxomycetes comprise a remarkably diverse group of organisms within Amoebozoa, with over 1000 species currently recognized. These organisms, at the end of their life cycles produce fruiting bodies which are the basis for their systematics. Despite being a biodiversity hotspot, the tropical Andes has a myxobiota that remains barely explored so far. In this study, we report the occurrence of three species inhabiting the highlands of the Peruvian Andes between 3000–5000 m.a.s.l. Arcyodes incarnata and Trichia mirabilis are reported for the first time in the Southern Hemisphere and the Neotropics, respectively, while Metatrichia floripara represents the third record in the world, previously only known from Rwanda and Brazil. Fruiting bodies of T. mirabilis were detected as already developed in the field, while the previous reports only included moist chamber culture-derived specimens. These results notably enlarge the geographical distribution of these species and highlight the interest of the tropical Andes, which remains a challenging region to explore and determine its whole myxobiota.
References
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<p>Clissmann, F., Fiore-Donno, A.M., Hoppe, B., Krüger, D., Kahl, T., Unterseher, M. & Schnittler, M. (2015) First insight into dead wood protistan diversity: a molecular sampling of bright-spored Myxomycetes (Amoebozoa, slime-moulds) in decaying beech logs. <em>FEMS Microbiology Ecology</em> 91 (6). https://doi.org/10.1093/femsec/fiv050</p>
<p>Dagamac, N.H.A., Novozhilov, Y.K., Stephenson, S.L., Lado, C., Rojas, C., dela Cruz, T.E.E., Unterseher, M. & Schnittler, M. (2017) Biogeographical assessment of myxomycete assemblages from Neotropical and Asian Palaeotropical forests. <em>Journal of Biogeography</em> 44: 1524–1536. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12985</p>
<p>De Lima, V.X. & Cavalcanti, L.D.H. (2016) Second world record of <em>Metatrichia floripara</em> (Trichiaceae, Myxomycetes), found in Brazil. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 247: 292–294. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.247.4.8</p>
<p>Estrada-Torres, A., Wrigley de Basanta, D., Conde, E. & Lado, C. (2009) Myxomycetes associated with dryland ecosystems of the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley Biosphere Reserve, Mexico. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 36: 17–56.</p>
<p>Farr, M.L. (1976) <em>Flora Neotropica. Monograph No. 16. Myxomycetes</em>. The New York Botanical Garden, New York. 304 pp.</p>
<p>Fiore-Donno, A.M., Clissmann, F., Meyer, M., Schnittler, M. & Cavalier-Smith, T. (2013) Two-gene phylogeny of bright-spored Myxomycetes (slime moulds, Superorder Lucisporidia). S. Gribaldo (ed.) <em>PLoS ONE</em> 8: e62586. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062586</p>
<p>GBIF.org (2021) Occurrence dataset. Available from: https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.mpsfxj (accessed 21 June 2021).</p>
<p>Hoppe, T. & Schnittler, M. (2015) Characterization of Myxomycetes in two different soils by TRFLP-analysis of partial 18S rRNA gene sequences. <em>Mycosphere</em> 6: 216–227. https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/6/1/5</p>
<p>Kamono, A., Meyer, M., Cavalier-Smith, T., Fukui, M. & Fiore-Donno, A.M. (2013) Exploring slime mould diversity in high-altitude forests and grasslands by environmental RNA analysis. <em>FEMS Microbiology Ecology</em> 84: 98–109. https://doi.org/10.1111/1574-6941.12042</p>
<p>Kelly, K.L. & Judd, D.B. (1976) <em>ISCC-NBS Color Name Charts Illustrated with Centroid Colors. </em>Inter-Society Color Council. National Bureau of Standards, Washington.</p>
<p>Lado, C. (2005–2021) An on line nomenclatural information system of Eumycetozoa. Available from: http://www.nomen.eumycetozoa.com (Last updated 31 May 2021)</p>
<p>Lado, C. & Pando, F. (1997) <em>Flora Mycologica Iberica, Vol. 2. Myxomycetes, I. Ceratiomyxales, Echinosteliales, Liceales, Trichiales</em>. J. Cramer. 323 pp.</p>
<p>Lado, C. & Rojas, C. (2020) <em>Guía para el estudio de la taxonomía y ecología de Myxomycetes.</em> Tecnoprint, San Jose.</p>
<p>Lado, C., Wrigley de Basanta, D. & Estrada-Torres, A. (2011) Biodiversity of Myxomycetes from the Monte Desert of Argentina. <em>Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid</em> 68: 61–95. https://doi.org/10.3989/ajbm.2266</p>
<p>Lado, C., Wrigley de Basanta, D., Estrada-Torres, A. & Stephenson, S.L. (2013) The biodiversity of myxomycetes in central Chile. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 59: 3–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-012-0159-8</p>
<p>Lado, C., Wrigley de Basanta, D., Estrada-Torres, A. & García-Carvajal, E. (2014) Myxomycete diversity of the Patagonian Steppe and bordering areas in Argentina. <em>Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid</em> 71: e006. https://doi.org/10.3989/ajbm.2394</p>
<p>Lado, C., Wrigley de Basanta, D., Estrada-Torres, A. & Stephenson, S.L. (2016) Myxomycete diversity in the coastal desert of Peru with emphasis on the lomas formations. <em>Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid</em> 73: e032. https://doi.org/10.3989/ajbm.2436</p>
<p>Lado, C., Estrada-Torres, A. & Rojas Alvarado, C. (2018) New records of genera and species of myxomycetes (Amoebozoa) from the Neotropics. <em>Check List</em> 14: 509–518. https://doi.org/10.15560/14.3.509</p>
<p>Lado, C., Wrigley de Basanta, D., Estrada-Torres, A., Stephenson, S.L. & Treviño, I. (2019) Diversity of Myxomycetes in arid zones of Peru part II: the cactus belt and transition zones. <em>Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid</em> 76: 083. https://doi.org/10.3989/ajbm.2520</p>
<p>Lara, E., Dumack, K., García-Martín, J.M., Kudryavtsev, A. & Kosakyan, A. (2020) Amoeboid protist systematics: a report on the “Systematics of amoeboid protists” symposium at the VIIIth ECOP/ISOP meeting in Rome, 2019. <em>European Journal of Protistology</em> 76: 125727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejop.2020.125727</p>
<p>Leontyev, D., McHugh, R., Fefelov, K.A. & Kochergina, A.V. (2011) New and rare Myxomycetes of Ukraine. 2. Southwest Crimea. <em>Nova Hedwigia</em> 92: 245–256.</p>
<p>Liu, Q.-S., Yan, S.-Z. & Chen, S.-L. (2015) Species diversity of myxomycetes associated with different terrestrial ecosystems, substrata (microhabitats) and environmental factors. <em>Mycological Progress</em> 14: 27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-015-1048-9</p>
<p>Martin, G.W. & Alexopoulos, C.J. (1969) <em>The Myxomycetes</em>. University of Iowa Press, Iowa. 560 pp.</p>
<p>Muñoz, J., Felicísimo, A.M., Cabezas, F., Burgaz, A.R. & Martínez, I. (2004) Wind as a long-distance dispersal vehicle in the Southern Hemisphere. <em>Science</em> 304: 1144-1147. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1095210</p>
<p>Nannenga-Bremekamp, N.E. (1966) Notes on Myxomycetes X. Some new species of <em>Licea</em>, <em>Reticularia</em>, <em>Cribraria</em>, <em>Dictydiaethalium</em>, <em>Trichia</em> and <em>Metatrichia</em>. <em>Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen </em>69: 336–349.</p>
<p>Nannenga-Bremekamp, N.E. (1985) Notes on Myxomycetes. XXII. Three new species, two new families and four new combinations.<em> Proceedings Van De Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, </em>Section C 88 (1): 121–128.</p>
<p>Nannenga-Bremekamp, N.E. (1991) <em>A Guide to Temperate Myxomycetes</em>. Biopress. 428 pp.</p>
<p>Ndiritu, G.G., Spiegel, F.W. & Stephenson, S.L. (2009a) Distribution and ecology of the assemblages of myxomycetes associated with major vegetation types in Big Bend National Park, USA. <em>Fungal Ecology</em> 2: 168–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2009.03.002</p>
<p>Ndiritu, G.G., Winsett, K.E., Spiegel, F.W. & Stephenson, S.L. (2009b) A checklist of African myxomycetes. <em>Mycotaxon</em> 107: 353–356. https://doi.org/10.5248/107.353</p>
<p>Novozhilov, Y.K., Schnittler, M., Vlasenko, A.V. & Fefelov, K.A. (2010) Myxomycete diversity of the Altay Mountains (southwestern Siberia, Russia). <em>Mycotaxon</em> 111: 91–94.</p>
<p>Novozhilov, Y.K., Erastova, D.A., Shchepin, O.N., Schnittler, M., Alexandrova, A.V., Popov, E.S. & Kuznetov, A.N. (2017a) Myxomycetes associated with monsoon lowland tropical forests in southern Vietnam. <em>Nova Hedwigia</em> 104: 143–182. https://doi.org/10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2016/0395</p>
<p>Novozhilov, Y.K., Rollins, A.W. & Schnittler, M. (2017b) Ecology and distribution of Myxomycetes. <em>Myxomycetes. Biology, Systematics, Biogeography, and Ecology</em>. Elsevier, pp. 253–297.</p>
<p>Novozhilov, Y.K., Schnittler, M., Erastova, D.A. & Shchepin, O.N. (2017c) Myxomycetes of the Sikhote-Alin State Nature Biosphere Reserve (Far East, Russia). <em>Nova Hedwigia</em> 104: 183–209. https://doi.org/10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2016/0394</p>
<p>Nyirambangutse, B., Zibera, E., Uwizeye, F.K., Nsabimana, D., Bizuru, E., Pleijel, H., Uddling, J. & Wallin, G. (2017) Carbon stocks and dynamics at different successional stages in an Afromontane tropical forest. <em>Biogeosciences</em> 14: 1285–1303. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1285-2017</p>
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