Abstract
Carbonea is a widely distributed genus of lecideoid fungi, including both lichenized and non-lichenized, often parasitic species. We describe the new, non-lichenized species Carbonea tephromelae, based on material collected in the Swedish part of the Scandes. The new species is characterized by a colourless hypothecium, broadly ellipsoid to globose ascospores, and by growing on the thallus of the common saxicolous lichen Tephromela atra. It is similar to the likewise lichenicolous species C. supersparsa and C. vitellinaria, but is clearly separated from these species by anatomy and in a phylogenetic analysis based on four markers (mrSSU, ITS, RPB1, RPB2). Carbonea tephromelae is apparently specific to T. atra, but the use of host specificity as a character for species delimitation in lichenicolous species of Carbonea needs further evaluation.
References
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<p>Ferencova, Z., Rico, V.J. & Hawksworth, D.L. (2017) Extraction of DNA from lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi: a low-cost fast protocol using Chelex. <em>Lichenologist</em> 49: 521–525. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282917000329</p>
<p>Fryday, A. (2011) How should we deal with the Antarctic and Subantarctic taxa published by Carroll William Dodge? <em>Opuscula Philolichenum</em> 9: 89–98.</p>
<p>Fryday, A., Printzen, C. & Ekman, S. (2014) <em>Bryobilimbia</em>, a new generic name for <em>Lecidea</em> <em>hypnorum</em> and closely related species. <em>Lichenologist</em> 46: 25–37. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282913000625</p>
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<p>Gardes, M. & Bruns, T.D. (1993) ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes – application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. <em>Molecular Ecology</em> 2: 113–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1993.tb00005.x</p>
<p>Grube, M., Baloch, E. & Arup, U. (2004) A phylogenetic study of the <em>Lecanora rupicola</em> group (Lecanoraceae, Ascomycota). <em>Mycological Research</em> 108: 506–514. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0953756204009888</p>
<p>Hafellner, J. (1999) Beiträge zu einem Prodromus der lichenicolen Pilze Österreichs und angrenzender Gebiete. IV. Drei neue Arten und weitere bemerkenswerte Funde hauptsächlich in der Steiermark. <em>Linzer biologische Beiträge</em> 31: 507–532.</p>
<p>Hertel, H. (1969) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Flechtenfamilie Lecideaceae II. <em>Herzogia</em> 1: 321–329.</p>
<p>Hertel, H. (1983) Über einige aus <em>Lecidea </em>und <em>Melanolecia</em> (Ascomycetes lichenisati) auszuschliessende Arten. <em>Mitteilungen aus der Botanischen Staatssammlung München</em> 19: 441–447.</p>
<p>Hertel, H. (1984a) Lecideaceae Exsiccatae ausgegeben von der Botanischen Staatssammlung München. Fasc. VI (Nr. 101–120).</p>
<p>Hertel, H. (1984b) Über saxicole, lecideoide Flechten der Subantarktis. <em>Beiheft zur Nova Hedwigia</em> 79: 399–499.</p>
<p>Hertel, H. (2001) Floristic and taxonomic notes on saxicolous lecideoid lichens. <em>Sendtnera</em> 7: 93–136.</p>
<p>Hertel, H. (2007) Notes on and records of Southern Hemisphere lecideoid lichens. <em>Bibliotheca Lichenologica </em>95: 267–296.</p>
<p>Hoang, D.T., Chernomor, O., von Haeseler, A., Minh, B.Q. & Vinh, L.S. (2018) UFBoot2: Improving the ultrafast bootstrap approximation. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> 35: 518–522. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msx281</p>
<p>Kalyaanamoorthy, S., Minh, B.Q., Wong, T.K.F., von Haeseler, A. & Jermiin, L.S. (2017) ModelFinder: fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates. <em>Nature Methods</em> 14: 587–589. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.4285</p>
<p>Leavitt, S.D., Fernández-Mendoza, F., Pérez-Ortega, S., Sohrabi, M., Divakar, P.K., Vondrák, J., Lumbsch, H.T. & St. Clair, L. (2013) Local representation of global diversity in a cosmopolitan lichen-forming fungal species complex (<em>Rhizoplaca</em>, Ascomycota). <em>Journal of Biogeography</em> 40: 1792–1806. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12118</p>
<p>Liu, Y.J., Whelen, S. & Hall, B.D. (1999) Phylogenetic relationships among ascomycetes: evidence from an RNA polymerase II subunit. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution </em>16: 1799–1808. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026092</p>
<p>Meyer, B. & Printzen, C. (2000) Proposal for a standardized nomenclature and characterization of insoluble lichen pigments. <em>Lichenologist </em>32: 571–583. https://doi.org/10.1006/lich.2000.0294</p>
<p>Miadlikowska, J., Kauff, F., Högnabba, F., Oliver, J.C., Molnár, K., Fraker, E., Gaya, E., Hafellner, J., Hofstetter, V., Gueidan, C., Otálora, M.A.G., Hodkinson, B., Kukwa, M., Lücking, R., Björk, C., Sipman, H.J.M., Burgaz, A.R., Thell, A., Passo, A., Myllys, L., Goward, T., Fernández-Brime, S., Hestmark, G., Lendemer, J., Lumbsch, H.T., Schmull, M., Schoch, C.L., Sérusiaux, E., Maddison, D.R., Arnold, A.E., Lutzoni, F. & Stenroos, S. (2014) A multigene phylogenetic synthesis for the class Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota): 1307 fungi representing 1139 infrageneric taxa, 317 genera and 66 families. <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</em> 79: 132–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2014.04.003</p>
<p>Mirarab, S., Nguyen, N., Guo, S., Wang, L.-S., Kim, J. & Warnow, T. (2015) PASTA: Ultra-large multiple sequence alignment for nucleotide and amino-acid sequences. <em>Journal of Computational Biology </em>22: 377–386. https://doi.org/10.1089/cmb.2014.0156</p>
<p>Nguyen, T., Schmidt, H.A., von Haeseler, A. & Minh, B.Q. (2015) IQ-TREE: A fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum likelihood phylogenies. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> 32: 268–274. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu300</p>
<p>Øvstedal, D.O. & Lewis Smith, R.I. (2001) <em>Lichens of Antarctica and South Georgia: A guide to their identification and ecology. </em>Studies in Polar Research, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.</p>
<p>Parnmen, S., Rangsiruji, A., Mongkolsuk, P., Boonpragob, K., Elix, J. & Lumbsch, H.T. (2010) Morphological disparity in Cladoniaceae: The foliose genus <em>Heterodea</em> evolved from fruticose <em>Cladia</em> species (Lecanorales, lichenized Ascomycota). <em>Taxon </em>59: 841–849. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.593013</p>
<p>Pérez-Ortega, S., Ortiz-Àlvarez, R., Green, T.G.A. & de los Ríos, A. (2012) Lichen myco- and photobiont diversity and their relationships at the edge of life (McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica). <em>FEMS Microbiology Ecology</em> 82: 429–448. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01422.x</p>
<p>Pino-Bodas, R., Martín, M.P., Burgaz, A.R. & Lumbsch, H.T. (2013) Species delimitation in <em>Cladonia </em>(Ascomycota): a challenge to the DNA barcoding philosophy. <em>Molecular Ecology Resources</em> 13: 1058–1068. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12086</p>
<p>Pirogov, M., Chepelevska, N. & Vondrák, J. (2014) <em>Carbonea </em>in Ukraine. <em>Studia Biologica</em> 8: 137–148. https://doi.org/10.30970/sbi.0801.317</p>
<p>Reeb, V., Lutzoni, F. & Roux, C. (2004) Contribution of RPB2 to multilocus phylogenetic studies of the Pezizomycotina (Euascomycetes, Fungi) with special emphasis on the lichen-forming Acarosporaceae and evolution of polyspory. <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution </em>32: 1036–1060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2004.04.012</p>
<p>Rodriguez Flakus, P. & Printzen, C. (2014)<em> Palicella</em>, a new genus of lichenized fungi and its phylogenetic position within Lecanoraceae. <em>Lichenologist </em>46: 535–552. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282914000127</p>
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