Abstract
Taxonomic revisions are the most reliable pathway in unfolding new species to the world. During such a revision of the genus Lagenandra in Sri Lankan, we came across two new species: Lagenandra kalugalensis and Lagenandra srilankensis from the Wet Zone of Sri Lanka. The two new species were studied in detail and compared with the morphology of the other species described in the genus, and based on field collected data conservation assessments were performed. A detailed description for the two new species and an updated taxonomic key to the Sri Lankan Lagenandra is presented here for easy identification. Recognizing two new endemic members enhances the number of Sri Lankan species of Lagenandra to eleven and global to nineteen. According to the IUCN red data category guidelines, L. kalugalensis qualifies for Critically Endangered category under Criterion B1ab (ii,iii,v) + B2ab (ii,iii,v) while L. srilankensis qualifies for Critically Endangered category under B1ab (iii, iv) + C2 (a) (i, ii). Hence, immediate conservation measures are imperative.
References
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<p> https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-012-0031-3</p>
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<p>Manawaduge, C.G., Yakandawala, D. & Yakandawala, K. (2020) Does the IUCN Red-Listing ‘Criteria B’ do justice for smaller aquatic plants? A case study from Sri Lankan Aponogetons. <em>Biodiversity and Conservation</em> 29:<strong> </strong>115–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-019-01873-x</p>
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<p>Schott, H.W. (1859) Cryptocoryne Koenigii. <em>Bonplandia</em> 7: 80–82.</p>
<p>Sivadasan, M. & Babu, C.M. (1995) A little known endemic and rare variety of <em>Lagenandra toxicaria</em> Dalzell (Araceae). <em>Rheedea</em> 5: 187–190.</p>
<p>Sivadasan, M., Jaleel, V.A. & Thomas, B. (2001) <em>Lagenandra keralensis</em> (Araceae), a remarkable new species from India. <em>Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica</em> 42: 153–157. https://doi.org/10.7016/BBAS.200104.0153</p>
<p>Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (2019) Botany collections. Available from: https://collections.nmnh.si.edu/search/botany/ (accessed 15 February 2020)</p>
<p>Thwaites, G.H.K. (1864) <em>Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae</em>. Dulau & Co, London, pp. 334.</p>
<p>Yakandawala, D. (2016) Taxonomists: An Endangered Species to be Conserved. <em>In:</em> <em>Proceedings of the XXVI Annual Conference of Indian Association for Angiosperm Taxonomy & International Seminar On Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Biodiversity. 07th to 09th November 2016, Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur organized by the Indian Association for Angiosperm Taxonomy</em> (IAAT 2016). pp. 19–20.</p>
<p>Yakandawala, D. (2012) Present status of fresh water aquatic flora in Sri Lanka. <em>In</em>: Weerakoon, D.K. & Wijesundara, S. (Eds.) <em>The National Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka; Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora</em>. Ministry of Environment, Colombo. pp. 186–196.</p>
<p>Biju, P., Josekutty, E.J. & Augustine, J. (2018) <em>Lagenandra cherupuzhica</em> (Araceae), a new species from Kerala India. <em>Annales Botanici Fennici</em> 55: 139–143. https://doi.org/10.5735/085.055.0116</p>
<p>CBD, (2002) Convention on Biological Diversity: COP decision VI/8; Global Taxonomy Initiative. Available from: https://www.cbd.int/decision/cop/?id=7182 (accessed on 15 March 2020)</p>
<p>Crusio, W. & A. de Graaf (1986) <em>Lagenandra dewitii</em> Crusio et De Graaf (Araceae), eine neue Art aus Sri Lanka. <em>Aqua Planta</em> 2–86: 56–59.</p>
<p>Dalzell, N.A. (1852) Contributions to the botany of Western India. <em>Hooker’s Journal of Botany and Kew Garden Miscellany</em> 4: 289–295.</p>
<p>Dar, G., Khuroo, A.A., Reddy, C. & Malik, A.H. (2012) Impediment to taxonomy and its impact on biodiversity science: an Indian perspective. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences</em> 82: 235–240.</p>
<p> https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-012-0031-3</p>
<p>de Wit, H.C.D. (1978) Revisie van het genus <em>Lagenandra</em> Dalzell (Araceae). <em>Mededeelingen van de Landbouwhoogeschool te Wageningen</em> 78: 1–45.</p>
<p>de Wit, H.C.D. (1983) <em>Aquarienpflanzen</em>, Verlag Eugen Ulmer Stuttgart, 464 pp.</p>
<p>Engler, A. (1879) Araceae. <em>Monographiae Phanerogamarum</em> 2: 1–681.</p>
<p>ESRI (2017) <em>ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10.4</em>. Environmental Systems Research Institute, Redlands.</p>
<p>GBIF (2020) <em>Lagenandra</em> Dalzell. Available from: https://www.gbif.org/species/search?q=Lagenandra (accessed 10 January 2021)</p>
<p>Graaf, A. & Arends, J.C. (1986) The occurrence of <em>Cryptocoryne</em> and <em>Lagenandra</em> (Araceae) in Sri Lanka. <em>Nordic Journal of Botany</em> 6: 757–764. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1986.tb00476.x</p>
<p>IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee (2019) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 14. Prepared by the Standards and petitions committee. Available from: https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/redlistguidelines (accessed 12 January 2021)</p>
<p>JSTOR Global Plants (2019) Available from: https://plants.jstor.org/ (accessed 15 February 2021)</p>
<p>Linnaeus, C. von (1753) <em>Species Plantarum</em> 2. Laurentius Salvius, Stockholm, 1200 pp.</p>
<p>Madola, I., Yakandawala, K., Yakandawala, D. & Karunaratne, S. (2021) <em>Lagenandra wayambae</em> (Araceae), a new endemic species from a freshwater swamp forest of Sri Lanka. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 489: 216–222. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.489.2.10</p>
<p>Manawaduge, C.G., Yakandawala, D. & Yakandawala, K. (2020) Does the IUCN Red-Listing ‘Criteria B’ do justice for smaller aquatic plants? A case study from Sri Lankan Aponogetons. <em>Biodiversity and Conservation</em> 29:<strong> </strong>115–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-019-01873-x</p>
<p>MOE (2012) <em>The National Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka; Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora</em>. Ministry of Environment, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 476 pp.</p>
<p>Nicolson, D.H. (1987) Araceae. <em>In</em>: Dassanayake, M.D. & Fosberg, F.R. (eds.) <em>A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon.</em> <em>Vol. VI</em>. Amerind Publishing Co, Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, pp. 75–85.</p>
<p>Sasikala, K., Vajravelu, E. & Daniel, P. (2019) <em>Fascicles of Flora of India, Fascicle 29 Araceae</em>. Botanical Survey of India. pp. 1–358 & Plate 1–33.</p>
<p>Schott, H.W. (1857) Cryptocorynenskizze. <em>Bonplandia</em> 5: 219–223.</p>
<p>Schott, H.W. (1859) Cryptocoryne Koenigii. <em>Bonplandia</em> 7: 80–82.</p>
<p>Sivadasan, M. & Babu, C.M. (1995) A little known endemic and rare variety of <em>Lagenandra toxicaria</em> Dalzell (Araceae). <em>Rheedea</em> 5: 187–190.</p>
<p>Sivadasan, M., Jaleel, V.A. & Thomas, B. (2001) <em>Lagenandra keralensis</em> (Araceae), a remarkable new species from India. <em>Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica</em> 42: 153–157. https://doi.org/10.7016/BBAS.200104.0153</p>
<p>Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (2019) Botany collections. Available from: https://collections.nmnh.si.edu/search/botany/ (accessed 15 February 2020)</p>
<p>Thwaites, G.H.K. (1864) <em>Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae</em>. Dulau & Co, London, pp. 334.</p>
<p>Yakandawala, D. (2016) Taxonomists: An Endangered Species to be Conserved. <em>In:</em> <em>Proceedings of the XXVI Annual Conference of Indian Association for Angiosperm Taxonomy & International Seminar On Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Biodiversity. 07th to 09th November 2016, Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur organized by the Indian Association for Angiosperm Taxonomy</em> (IAAT 2016). pp. 19–20.</p>
<p>Yakandawala, D. (2012) Present status of fresh water aquatic flora in Sri Lanka. <em>In</em>: Weerakoon, D.K. & Wijesundara, S. (Eds.) <em>The National Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka; Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora</em>. Ministry of Environment, Colombo. pp. 186–196.</p>