Abstract
Since 2016 the number of species of Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) known from southern Africa has increased by more than 50%, from 13 to 20. We here describe the 21st species known from the subcontinent. As far as could be determined, this new species, K. benbothae, is endemic to northeastern KwaZulu-Natal, the eastern-most province of South Africa, with the entire natural geographical distribution range of the species falling within the Maputaland-Pondoland Region of Endemism. Kalanchoe benbothae fits in K. subg. Fernandesiae, a cluster of species with large, paddle- to soup plate-sized leaves, and dense, elongated, often club-shaped inflorescences. The closest relative of K. benbothae is K. luciae, which was described just over 110 years ago, and was the second representative of K. subg. Fernandesiae to have been described. Kalanchoe benbothae differs from K. luciae mostly in its reproductive morphology (corolla lobe colour and orientation, anther colour and presentation, filament length, pistil shape, and size and shape of the nectar scales).
References
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Compton, R.H. (1967) Plantae novae Africanae. Series XXXII. Journal of South African Botany 33: 293–304.
Crouch, N.R., Smith, G.F., Walters, M. & Figueiredo, E. (2016) Kalanchoe winteri Gideon F.Sm., N.R.Crouch & Mich.Walters (Crassulaceae), a new species from the Wolkberg Centre of Endemism, South Africa. Bradleya 34: 217–224. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n34.2016.a9
Fernandes, R.B. (1978) Crassulaceae africanae novae vel minus cognitae. Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana (sér. 2.<sup>a</sup>) LII: 165–220.
Forbes, H. (1941) Kalanchoe albiflora H. Forbes, sp. nov., pp. 37–39. In: Anonymous, Newly described species and new combinations. Bothalia 4: 37–41, + plate on p. 39. https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v4i1.1709
Hamet, R. (1908) Kalanchoe luciae sp. nov. Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 8: 254–257. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/104945#page/290/mode/1up]
Harvey, W.H. (1862) Order LIII. Crassulaceae, D.C. VIII. Kalanchoe, Adans. In: Harvey, W.H. & Sonder, O.W. (Eds.) Flora capensis [being a systematic description of the plants of the Cape Colony, Caffraria, & Port Natal] 2. L. Reeve & Co., Ltd, Kent, pp. 378–380. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/15233#page/386/mode/1up]
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Koorders, S.H. (1919 [Mai] [24 October 1918]) Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Flora von Java No. 18. Beschreibung von Kalanchoë Schumacheri vom Idjen-Plateau und Revision der Crassulaceae von Java. (Mit 2 lithographischen Tafeln.). Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg sér. 3, 1 (3): 169–180, Figures 14 and 15. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/27173#page/205/mode/1up (text); https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/27173#page/243/mode/1up (figures)]
Raymond-Hamet. (1933) Observations sur le Kalanchoe uniflora (Stapf) Raymond-Hamet. Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 80 (4): 542–548. https://doi.org/10.1080/00378941.1933.10833878
Mucina, L., Hoare, D.B., Lötter, M.C., Du Preez, J., Rutherford, M.C., Scott-Shaw, C.R., Bredenkamp, G.J., Powrie, L.W., Scott, L., Camp, K.G.T., Cilliers, S.S., Bezuidenhout, H., Mostert, T.H., Siebert, S.J., Winter, P.J.D., Burrows, J.E., Dobson, L., Ward, R.A., Stalmans, M., Oliver, E.G.H., Siebert, F., Schmidt, E., Kobisi, K. & Kose, L. (2006) Grassland Biome. In: L. Mucina & M.C. Rutherford (eds.) The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, pp. 349–436.
Pole Evans, I.B. (1916) A new aloe from Swaziland [Aloe suprafoliata]. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 5: 603–604, with Plate XLIV opposite p. 604. https://doi.org/10.1080/00359191509519732
Salisbury, R.A. (1805 [1 June 1805]) The Paradisus Londinensis: or coloured figures of plants cultivated in the vicinity of the metropolis 1. Published by William Hooker, No. 6, Frith Street, city not stated, presumably London, 157 pp. & 117 plates. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.53520
Smith, G.F. (2020) Kalanchoe Adans. subg. Fernandesiae Gideon F.Sm. (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a new subgenus from southern and south-tropical Africa. Haseltonia 27: 2–7. https://doi.org/10.2985/026.027.0101
Smith, G.F. (2021a) Reinstatement of Kalanchoe decumbens Compton (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), an endemic species from eastern southern Africa. Bradleya 39: 163–171. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n39.2021.a15
Smith, G.F. (2021b) Reinstatement of Kalanchoe [subg. Bryophyllum] sect. Alatae (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) for K. porphyrocalyx and K. uniflora, two Madagascan endemics. Bradleya 39: 177–181. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n39.2021.a17
Smith, G.F., Crouch, N.R. & Figueiredo, E. (2016) Reinstatement of Kalanchoe montana Compton (Crassulaceae), a distinctive species from the Barberton Center of Endemism, eastern southern Africa. Haseltonia 22: 64–72. https://doi.org/10.2985/026.022.0112
Smith, G.F., Crouch, N.R. & Figueiredo, E. (2021a) Expanding the known geographical distribution range of Kalanchoe waterbergensis (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) in northern South Africa. Bradleya 39: 172–176. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n39.2021.a16
Smith, G.F., Crouch, N.R. & Figueiredo, E. (2021b) Kalanchoe crouchii. Crassulaceae: Kalanchooideae. Madagascar. Flowering Plants of Africa 67: 60–68, plate 2366.
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2018a) Kalanchoe crouchii Gideon F.Sm. & Figueiredo (Crassulaceae), a new species from the dolomites of the Wolkberg Centre of Endemism, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. Haseltonia 25: 84–90. https://doi.org/10.2985/026.025.0107
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2018b) The infrageneric classification and nomenclature of Kalanchoe Adans. (Crassulaceae), with special reference to the southern African species. Bradleya 36: 162–172. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n36.2018.a10
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2021) The floristics and phytogeography of Kalanchoe Adans. (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) in the Waterberg Biosphere Reserve, northern South Africa. Bradleya 39: 207–220. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n39.2021.a22
Smith, G.F., Figueiredo, E. & Crouch, N.R. (2019b) Kalanchoe winteri. Crassulaceae. South Africa. Flowering Plants of Africa 66: 62–69, plate 2348.
Smith, G.F., Figueiredo, E. & Van Wyk, A.E. (2019a) Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) in southern Africa. Classification, biology, and cultivation. Academic Press, an imprint of Elsevier, London, San Diego, Cambridge (USA), and Oxford, 328 pp. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814007-9.00003-7
Smith, G.F., Klein, D.-P. & Shtein, R. (2021d) A revision of the Malagasy Kalanchoe subg. Kitchingia (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae): history, taxonomy, and nomenclature. Phytotaxa 507 (1): 67–80. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.507.1.3
Smith, G.F., Shtein, R. & Klein, D.-P. (2021c) Kalanchoe subg. Alatae (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a new rank for K. sect. Alatae. Phytotaxa 509 (2): 255–258. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.509.2.9
Thiers, B. (2021+) Index herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/ (continuously updated; accessed June 2021)
Tölken, H.R. (1985) Crassulaceae. 3166, 4. Kalanchoe. 3166a, 5. Bryophyllum. In: Leistner, O.A. (Ed.) Flora of Southern Africa 14. Botanical Research Institute, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, place of publication not stated, likely Pretoria, pp. 61–74.
Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Koeltz Botanical Books, Oberreifenberg. [Regnum Vegetabile 159], 254 pp. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018
Van Wyk, A.E. & Smith, G.F. (2001) Regions of floristic endemism in southern Africa. A review with emphasis on succulents. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, Pretoria, 199 pp.
Baker, J.G. (1881 [21 February]) Notes on a collection of flowering plants made by L. Kitching, Esq., in Madagascar in 1879 (Plates VII. & VIII.). Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 18: 264–281. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1881.tb01257.x
Baker, J.G. (1895) 254. Aloe (Eualoe) minima, Baker [Liliaceæ], on p. 153. CCCCLXIV.—Diagnoses africanæ, VI. (Continued from p. 99). Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information. Kew 1895: 141–153. https://doi.org/10.2307/4118481
Compton, R.H. (1967) Plantae novae Africanae. Series XXXII. Journal of South African Botany 33: 293–304.
Crouch, N.R., Smith, G.F., Walters, M. & Figueiredo, E. (2016) Kalanchoe winteri Gideon F.Sm., N.R.Crouch & Mich.Walters (Crassulaceae), a new species from the Wolkberg Centre of Endemism, South Africa. Bradleya 34: 217–224. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n34.2016.a9
Fernandes, R.B. (1978) Crassulaceae africanae novae vel minus cognitae. Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana (sér. 2.<sup>a</sup>) LII: 165–220.
Forbes, H. (1941) Kalanchoe albiflora H. Forbes, sp. nov., pp. 37–39. In: Anonymous, Newly described species and new combinations. Bothalia 4: 37–41, + plate on p. 39. https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v4i1.1709
Hamet, R. (1908) Kalanchoe luciae sp. nov. Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, sér. 2, 8: 254–257. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/104945#page/290/mode/1up]
Harvey, W.H. (1862) Order LIII. Crassulaceae, D.C. VIII. Kalanchoe, Adans. In: Harvey, W.H. & Sonder, O.W. (Eds.) Flora capensis [being a systematic description of the plants of the Cape Colony, Caffraria, & Port Natal] 2. L. Reeve & Co., Ltd, Kent, pp. 378–380. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/15233#page/386/mode/1up]
IPNI. (2021+) The International Plant Names Index. Available from: https://www.ipni.org/ (continuously updated accessed June 2021)
Koorders, S.H. (1919 [Mai] [24 October 1918]) Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Flora von Java No. 18. Beschreibung von Kalanchoë Schumacheri vom Idjen-Plateau und Revision der Crassulaceae von Java. (Mit 2 lithographischen Tafeln.). Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg sér. 3, 1 (3): 169–180, Figures 14 and 15. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/27173#page/205/mode/1up (text); https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/27173#page/243/mode/1up (figures)]
Raymond-Hamet. (1933) Observations sur le Kalanchoe uniflora (Stapf) Raymond-Hamet. Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 80 (4): 542–548. https://doi.org/10.1080/00378941.1933.10833878
Mucina, L., Hoare, D.B., Lötter, M.C., Du Preez, J., Rutherford, M.C., Scott-Shaw, C.R., Bredenkamp, G.J., Powrie, L.W., Scott, L., Camp, K.G.T., Cilliers, S.S., Bezuidenhout, H., Mostert, T.H., Siebert, S.J., Winter, P.J.D., Burrows, J.E., Dobson, L., Ward, R.A., Stalmans, M., Oliver, E.G.H., Siebert, F., Schmidt, E., Kobisi, K. & Kose, L. (2006) Grassland Biome. In: L. Mucina & M.C. Rutherford (eds.) The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, pp. 349–436.
Pole Evans, I.B. (1916) A new aloe from Swaziland [Aloe suprafoliata]. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 5: 603–604, with Plate XLIV opposite p. 604. https://doi.org/10.1080/00359191509519732
Salisbury, R.A. (1805 [1 June 1805]) The Paradisus Londinensis: or coloured figures of plants cultivated in the vicinity of the metropolis 1. Published by William Hooker, No. 6, Frith Street, city not stated, presumably London, 157 pp. & 117 plates. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.53520
Smith, G.F. (2020) Kalanchoe Adans. subg. Fernandesiae Gideon F.Sm. (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a new subgenus from southern and south-tropical Africa. Haseltonia 27: 2–7. https://doi.org/10.2985/026.027.0101
Smith, G.F. (2021a) Reinstatement of Kalanchoe decumbens Compton (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), an endemic species from eastern southern Africa. Bradleya 39: 163–171. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n39.2021.a15
Smith, G.F. (2021b) Reinstatement of Kalanchoe [subg. Bryophyllum] sect. Alatae (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) for K. porphyrocalyx and K. uniflora, two Madagascan endemics. Bradleya 39: 177–181. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n39.2021.a17
Smith, G.F., Crouch, N.R. & Figueiredo, E. (2016) Reinstatement of Kalanchoe montana Compton (Crassulaceae), a distinctive species from the Barberton Center of Endemism, eastern southern Africa. Haseltonia 22: 64–72. https://doi.org/10.2985/026.022.0112
Smith, G.F., Crouch, N.R. & Figueiredo, E. (2021a) Expanding the known geographical distribution range of Kalanchoe waterbergensis (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) in northern South Africa. Bradleya 39: 172–176. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n39.2021.a16
Smith, G.F., Crouch, N.R. & Figueiredo, E. (2021b) Kalanchoe crouchii. Crassulaceae: Kalanchooideae. Madagascar. Flowering Plants of Africa 67: 60–68, plate 2366.
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2018a) Kalanchoe crouchii Gideon F.Sm. & Figueiredo (Crassulaceae), a new species from the dolomites of the Wolkberg Centre of Endemism, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. Haseltonia 25: 84–90. https://doi.org/10.2985/026.025.0107
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2018b) The infrageneric classification and nomenclature of Kalanchoe Adans. (Crassulaceae), with special reference to the southern African species. Bradleya 36: 162–172. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n36.2018.a10
Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2021) The floristics and phytogeography of Kalanchoe Adans. (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) in the Waterberg Biosphere Reserve, northern South Africa. Bradleya 39: 207–220. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n39.2021.a22
Smith, G.F., Figueiredo, E. & Crouch, N.R. (2019b) Kalanchoe winteri. Crassulaceae. South Africa. Flowering Plants of Africa 66: 62–69, plate 2348.
Smith, G.F., Figueiredo, E. & Van Wyk, A.E. (2019a) Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) in southern Africa. Classification, biology, and cultivation. Academic Press, an imprint of Elsevier, London, San Diego, Cambridge (USA), and Oxford, 328 pp. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814007-9.00003-7
Smith, G.F., Klein, D.-P. & Shtein, R. (2021d) A revision of the Malagasy Kalanchoe subg. Kitchingia (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae): history, taxonomy, and nomenclature. Phytotaxa 507 (1): 67–80. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.507.1.3
Smith, G.F., Shtein, R. & Klein, D.-P. (2021c) Kalanchoe subg. Alatae (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a new rank for K. sect. Alatae. Phytotaxa 509 (2): 255–258. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.509.2.9
Thiers, B. (2021+) Index herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/ih/ (continuously updated; accessed June 2021)
Tölken, H.R. (1985) Crassulaceae. 3166, 4. Kalanchoe. 3166a, 5. Bryophyllum. In: Leistner, O.A. (Ed.) Flora of Southern Africa 14. Botanical Research Institute, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, place of publication not stated, likely Pretoria, pp. 61–74.
Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Koeltz Botanical Books, Oberreifenberg. [Regnum Vegetabile 159], 254 pp. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018
Van Wyk, A.E. & Smith, G.F. (2001) Regions of floristic endemism in southern Africa. A review with emphasis on succulents. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, Pretoria, 199 pp.