Abstract
Sphaerosporella microspora is described as a new species to science based on morphological and molecular data. It is characterized by its sessile apothecia, smooth hymenial surface, ectal excipulum composed of cylindrical and angular cells, subglobose to globose and smooth ascospores, and paraphyses without granules. A detailed description, color photographs of the fruiting bodies, line drawings of microstructures and a phylogenetic tree to show the placement of the new species are provided.
References
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Hall, T.A. (1999) Bioedit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41: 95?98.
Hansen, K., Perry, B.A., Dranginis, A.W., Pfister, D.H. (2013) A phylogeny of the highly diverse cup-fungus family Pyronemataceae (Pezizomycetes, Ascomycota) clarifies relationships and evolution of selected life history traits. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 67: 311–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.01.014
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Kanouse, B.B. (1958) Some Species of the genus Trichophaea. Mycologia 50: 121–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1958.12024717
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Kornerup, A. & Wanscher, J.H. (1981) Taschenlexikon der Farben. 3. Aufl. Muster-Schmidt Verlag, Göttingen, 242 pp.
Lusk, D.E. (1987) Pseudaleuria quinaultiana, a new genus and species of operculate ascomycete from the Olympic peninsula. Mycotaxon 30: 417–431.
Molina, L., Rajchenberg, M., de Errasti, A., Aime, M.C. & Pildain, M.B. (2020) Sapwood-inhabiting mycobiota and Nothofagus tree mortality in Patagonia: Diversity patterns according to tree species, plant compartment and health condition. Forest Ecology and Management 462: 117997. https://doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2020.117997
Morave, C.J. (2003) A taxonomic revision of the genus Cheilymenia Boud. 9. The sections Villosae and Obtusipilosae, and a revision ofthe genus Pseudoaleuria Lusk (Pezizales, Pyronemataceae). Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae biologicae 88: 37–73.
Mrak, T., Štraus, I., Grebenc, T., Gri?ar, J., Hoshika, Y., Carriero, G., Paoletti, E. & Kraigher, H. (2019) Different belowground responses to elevated ozone and soil water deficit in three European oak species (Quercus ilex, Q. pubescens and Q. robur). Science of The Total Environment 651: 1310–1320. https://doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.246
Perry, B.A., Hansen, K. & Pfister, D.H. (2007) A phylogenetic overview of the family Pyronemataceae (Ascomycota, Pezizales). Mycological Research 111: 549–571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.015
Rifai, M.A. (1968) The Australasian Pezizales in the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk. Tweede, Sect., 57: 1–295.
Ronquist, F., Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2003) MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19: 1572–1574. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180
Rubini, A., Belfiori, B., Passeri, V., Falini, L.B., Arcioni, S., Riccioni, C. & Paolocci, F. (2011) The AD-type ectomycorrhizas, one of the most common morphotypes present in truffle fields, result from fungi belonging to the Trichophaea woolhopeia species complex. Mycorrhiza 21: 17–25. https://doi:10.1007/s00572-010-0308-4
Sánchez, S., Gómez, E., Martín, M., De Miguel, A.M., Urban, A. & Barriuso, J. (2014) Experiments on the life cycle and factors affecting reproduction of Sphaerosporella brunnea provide evidence for rapid asexual propagation by conidiospores and for homothallism in an ectomycorrhizal competitor of cultivated truffle species. Fungal Ecology 8: 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2013.12.003
Smith, G.R., Steidinger, B.S., Bruns, T.D. & Peay, K.G. (2018) Competition–colonization tradeoffs structure fungal diversity. The ISME Journal 12: 1758–1767. https://doi:10.1038/s41396-018-0086-0
Song, J, Chen, B, Liang, J.F., Li, H.J., Wang, S.K. & Lu, J.K. (2020) Morphology and phylogeny reveal Russula subpunctipes sp. nov., from southern China. Phytotaxa 459: 16–24. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.459.1.2
Stamatakis, A. (2006) RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. Bioinformatics 22: 2688–2690. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl446
Svr?ek, M. & Kubi?ka, J. (1961) Operkulátní diskomycety od rybníka Dvo?išt? v jižních ?echách. ?eská Mykologie 15: 61–77.
Teng, S.C. (1963) Fungi of China. Science Press, Beijing, 1–808.
Uzun, Y. & Kaya, A. (2019) New Additions to Turkish Pezizales from the Eastern Black Sea Region. Turkish Journal of Botany 43: 262–270.
https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1802-34
Van Vooren, N., Lindemann, U., Vega, M., Ribes, M.Á., Illescas, T., Mato?ec, N. & Kušan, I. (2015a) Lachnea poiraultii (Pezizales), rediscovered after more than one hundred years. Ascomycete.org 7: 105–116. https://doi: 10.25664/art-0133
Van Vooren, N., Tello, S. & Vega, M. (2015b) Pseudotricharina intermedia (Pezizales), a new genus and a new species discovered in the Mediterranean area. Ascomycete.org 7: 341–346. https://doi: 10.25664/art-0158
Van Vooren, N., Lindemann, U. & Healy, R. (2017) Emendation of the genus Tricharina (Pezizales) based on phylogenetic, morphological and ecological data. Ascomycete.org 9: 101–123. https://doi: 10.25664/art-0208
Vilgalys, R. & Hester, M. (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. Journal of Bacteriology 172: 4238–4246. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.172.8.4238-4246.1990
Wang, Y.Z. (2001) A new species of Sphaerosporella from Taiwan. Mycotaxon 80: 197–199.
White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis, M., Gelfand, D., Sninsky, J. & White, T.J. (eds.) PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1
Wu, C.G. & Kimbrough, J.W. (1994) Ultrastructure of Spore Ontogeny in Trichophaea brunnea (Pezizales). International Journal of Plant Sciences 155: 453–459. https://doi.org/10.1086/297182
Wu, C.G., Kimbrough, J.W. (1996) Ultrastructure of Spore Ontogeny in Species of Trichophaea (Pezizales). International Journal of Plant Sciences 157: 595–604. https://doi.org/10.1086/297380
Yao, Y.J. & Spooner, B.M. (1996a) Notes on British species of Trichophaea. 100: 798–800. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7562(96)80024-4
Yao, Y.J. & Spooner, B.M. (1996b) Notes on Sphaerosporella (Pezizales), with reference to British records. Kew Bulletin 51: 385–391.Zhuang, W.Y. (2014) Flora Fungorum Sinicorum vol. 48 Pyronemataceae. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 192–194.
Boudier, E. (1885) Nouvelle classification naturelle des Discomycetes charnus. Bulletin de la Société mycologique de France 1: 91–120.
Chen, Y.L., Su, M.S., Zhang, L.P., Zou, Q., Wu, F., Zeng, N.K. & Liu, M. (2020) Pseudohydnum brunneiceps (Auriculariales, Basidiomycota), a new species from Central China. Phytotaxa 441: 087–094. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.441.1.8
Hall, T.A. (1999) Bioedit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41: 95?98.
Hansen, K., Perry, B.A., Dranginis, A.W., Pfister, D.H. (2013) A phylogeny of the highly diverse cup-fungus family Pyronemataceae (Pezizomycetes, Ascomycota) clarifies relationships and evolution of selected life history traits. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 67: 311–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.01.014
Hughes, K.W., Case, A., Matheny, P.B., Kivlin, S., Petersen, R.H., Miller, A.N. & Iturriaga, T. (2020) Secret lifestyles of pyrophilous fungi in the genus Sphaerosporella. American Journal of Botany 107: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1482
James, T.Y., Kauff, F., Schoch, C., Matheny, P.B., Hofstetter, V., Cox, C., Celio, G., Gueidan, C., Fraker, E., Miadlikowska, J., Lumbsch, H.T., Rauhut, A., Reeb, V., Arnold, A.E., Amtoft, A., Stajich, J.E., Hosaka, K., Sung, G.H., Johnson, D., O’Rourke, B., Crockett, M., Binder, M., Curtis, J.M., Slot, J.C., Wang, Z., Wilson, A.W., Schüßler, A., Longcore, J.E., O’Donnell, K., Mozley-Standridge, S., Porter, D., Letcher, P.M., Powell, M.J., Taylor, J.W., White, M.M., Griffith, G.W., Davies, D.R., Humber, R.A., Morton, J.B., Sugiyama, J., Rossman, A.Y., Rogers, J.D., Pfister, D.H., Hewitt, D., Hansen, K., Hambleton, S., Shoemaker, R.A., Kohlmeyer, J., Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, B., Spotts, R.A., Serdani, M., Crous, P.W., Hughes, K.W., Matsuura, K., Langer, E., Langer, G., Untereiner, W.A., Lücking, R., Büdel, B., Geiser, D.M., Aptroot, A., Diederich, P., Schmitt, I., Schultz, M., Yahr, R., Hibbett, D., Lutzoni, F., McLaughlin, D., Spatafora, J. & Vilgalys, R. (2006) Reconstructing the early evolution of the fungi using a six gene phylogeny. Nature 443: 818–822. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05110
Kanouse, B.B. (1958) Some Species of the genus Trichophaea. Mycologia 50: 121–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1958.12024717
Katoh, K. & Toh, H. (2008) Recent developments in the MAFFT multiple sequence alignment program. Briefings in Bioinformatics 9: 286–298. https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbn013
Kirk, P.M., Canon, P.F., Minter, D.W. & Stalpers, J.A. (2008) Ainsworth & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi (Ed. 10). CABI Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851998268.0000
Kornerup, A. & Wanscher, J.H. (1981) Taschenlexikon der Farben. 3. Aufl. Muster-Schmidt Verlag, Göttingen, 242 pp.
Lusk, D.E. (1987) Pseudaleuria quinaultiana, a new genus and species of operculate ascomycete from the Olympic peninsula. Mycotaxon 30: 417–431.
Molina, L., Rajchenberg, M., de Errasti, A., Aime, M.C. & Pildain, M.B. (2020) Sapwood-inhabiting mycobiota and Nothofagus tree mortality in Patagonia: Diversity patterns according to tree species, plant compartment and health condition. Forest Ecology and Management 462: 117997. https://doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2020.117997
Morave, C.J. (2003) A taxonomic revision of the genus Cheilymenia Boud. 9. The sections Villosae and Obtusipilosae, and a revision ofthe genus Pseudoaleuria Lusk (Pezizales, Pyronemataceae). Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae biologicae 88: 37–73.
Mrak, T., Štraus, I., Grebenc, T., Gri?ar, J., Hoshika, Y., Carriero, G., Paoletti, E. & Kraigher, H. (2019) Different belowground responses to elevated ozone and soil water deficit in three European oak species (Quercus ilex, Q. pubescens and Q. robur). Science of The Total Environment 651: 1310–1320. https://doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.246
Perry, B.A., Hansen, K. & Pfister, D.H. (2007) A phylogenetic overview of the family Pyronemataceae (Ascomycota, Pezizales). Mycological Research 111: 549–571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.015
Rifai, M.A. (1968) The Australasian Pezizales in the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., Afd. Natuurk. Tweede, Sect., 57: 1–295.
Ronquist, F., Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2003) MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19: 1572–1574. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180
Rubini, A., Belfiori, B., Passeri, V., Falini, L.B., Arcioni, S., Riccioni, C. & Paolocci, F. (2011) The AD-type ectomycorrhizas, one of the most common morphotypes present in truffle fields, result from fungi belonging to the Trichophaea woolhopeia species complex. Mycorrhiza 21: 17–25. https://doi:10.1007/s00572-010-0308-4
Sánchez, S., Gómez, E., Martín, M., De Miguel, A.M., Urban, A. & Barriuso, J. (2014) Experiments on the life cycle and factors affecting reproduction of Sphaerosporella brunnea provide evidence for rapid asexual propagation by conidiospores and for homothallism in an ectomycorrhizal competitor of cultivated truffle species. Fungal Ecology 8: 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2013.12.003
Smith, G.R., Steidinger, B.S., Bruns, T.D. & Peay, K.G. (2018) Competition–colonization tradeoffs structure fungal diversity. The ISME Journal 12: 1758–1767. https://doi:10.1038/s41396-018-0086-0
Song, J, Chen, B, Liang, J.F., Li, H.J., Wang, S.K. & Lu, J.K. (2020) Morphology and phylogeny reveal Russula subpunctipes sp. nov., from southern China. Phytotaxa 459: 16–24. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.459.1.2
Stamatakis, A. (2006) RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. Bioinformatics 22: 2688–2690. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl446
Svr?ek, M. & Kubi?ka, J. (1961) Operkulátní diskomycety od rybníka Dvo?išt? v jižních ?echách. ?eská Mykologie 15: 61–77.
Teng, S.C. (1963) Fungi of China. Science Press, Beijing, 1–808.
Uzun, Y. & Kaya, A. (2019) New Additions to Turkish Pezizales from the Eastern Black Sea Region. Turkish Journal of Botany 43: 262–270.
https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1802-34
Van Vooren, N., Lindemann, U., Vega, M., Ribes, M.Á., Illescas, T., Mato?ec, N. & Kušan, I. (2015a) Lachnea poiraultii (Pezizales), rediscovered after more than one hundred years. Ascomycete.org 7: 105–116. https://doi: 10.25664/art-0133
Van Vooren, N., Tello, S. & Vega, M. (2015b) Pseudotricharina intermedia (Pezizales), a new genus and a new species discovered in the Mediterranean area. Ascomycete.org 7: 341–346. https://doi: 10.25664/art-0158
Van Vooren, N., Lindemann, U. & Healy, R. (2017) Emendation of the genus Tricharina (Pezizales) based on phylogenetic, morphological and ecological data. Ascomycete.org 9: 101–123. https://doi: 10.25664/art-0208
Vilgalys, R. & Hester, M. (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. Journal of Bacteriology 172: 4238–4246. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.172.8.4238-4246.1990
Wang, Y.Z. (2001) A new species of Sphaerosporella from Taiwan. Mycotaxon 80: 197–199.
White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis, M., Gelfand, D., Sninsky, J. & White, T.J. (eds.) PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1
Wu, C.G. & Kimbrough, J.W. (1994) Ultrastructure of Spore Ontogeny in Trichophaea brunnea (Pezizales). International Journal of Plant Sciences 155: 453–459. https://doi.org/10.1086/297182
Wu, C.G., Kimbrough, J.W. (1996) Ultrastructure of Spore Ontogeny in Species of Trichophaea (Pezizales). International Journal of Plant Sciences 157: 595–604. https://doi.org/10.1086/297380
Yao, Y.J. & Spooner, B.M. (1996a) Notes on British species of Trichophaea. 100: 798–800. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7562(96)80024-4
Yao, Y.J. & Spooner, B.M. (1996b) Notes on Sphaerosporella (Pezizales), with reference to British records. Kew Bulletin 51: 385–391.Zhuang, W.Y. (2014) Flora Fungorum Sinicorum vol. 48 Pyronemataceae. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 192–194.