Abstract
A new species, Cryptomonas indica sp. nov., is described from Western Ghats, India, based on morphological and molecular data. Phylogenetic relationships inferred from nuclear small and large subunit ribosomal DNA, internal transcribed spacer 2, and plastid psbA sequences show that the new species forms a separate lineage on the phylogenetic tree of the genus Cryptomonas. This new species is included in the basal clade of Cryptomonas tree, which consists of undescribed taxa from Europe and South Korea. Cells of this species are up to 19 µm in length, elliptical to slightly asymmetrical in broad view, and have a plastid with four pyrenoids. Cryptomonas indica has been observed in one locality, the Northern region of the Western Ghats. Notably, this is the first Cryptomonas taxon described from the Indian subcontinent with both morphology and molecular information.
References
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<p>Ehrenberg, C.G. (1831)<em> Symbolae physicae seu icones et descriptiones animalium evertebratorum sepositis insectis quae ex itinere per Africanum Borealem et Asiam Occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg medicinae et chirurgiae doctorum studio novae aut illustratae redierunt</em>. Berlin, Mittler.</p>
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<p>Gandhi, H.P. (1999) Fresh-water diatoms of central Gujarat: with a review and some others. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, 324 pp.</p>
<p>Gillespie, J.J., Johnston, J.S., Cannone, J.J. & Gutell, R.R. (2006) Characteristics of the nuclear (18S, 5.8S, 28S and 5S) and mitochondrial (12S and 16S) rRNA genes of <em>Apis mellifera</em> (Insecta: Hymenoptera): structure, organization, and retrotransposable elements. <em>Insect Molecular Biology</em> 15: 657–686. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2583.2006.00689.x</p>
<p>Gusev, E., Podunay, Y., Martynenko, N., Shkurina, N. & Kulikovskiy, M.<strong> (</strong>2020) Taxonomic studies of <em>Cryptomonas lundii</em> clade (Cryptophyta: Cryptophyceae) with description of a new species from Vietnam. <em>Fottea</em> 20 (2): 137–143. https://doi.org/10.5507/fot.2020.004</p>
<p>Hoef-Emden, K. (2007) Revision of the genus <em>Cryptomonas</em> (Cryptophyceae) II: Incongruences between classical morphospecies concept and molecular phylogeny in smaller pyrenoid-less cells. <em>Phycologia</em> 46 (4): 402–428. https://doi.org/10.2216/06-83.1</p>
<p>Hoef-Emden, K. & Melkonian, M. (2003) Revision of the genus <em>Cryptomonas</em> (Cryptophyceae): A combination of molecular phylogeny and morphology provides insights into a long-hidden dimorphism. <em>Protist</em> 154: 371–409. https://doi.org/10.1078/143446103322454130</p>
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<p>Karthick, B., Kociolek, J.P., Mahesh, M.K. & Ramachandra, T.V. (2011) The diatom genus <em>Gomphonema</em> Ehrenberg in India: Checklist and description of three new species. <em>Nova Hedwigia</em> 93 (1–2): 211–236.</p>
<p>https://doi.org/10.1127/0029-5035/2011/0093-0211</p>
<p>Karthick, B. & Kociolek, J.P. (2012) Reconsideration of the <em>Gomphonema</em> (Bacillariophyceae) species from Kolhapur, Northern Western Ghats, India: Taxonomy, typification and biogeography of the species reported by H. P. Gandhi. <em>Phycological Research</em> 60 (3): 179–198. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1835.2012.00649.x</p>
<p>Karthick, B., Nautiyal, R., Kociolek, J.P. & Ramachandra, T.V. (2015) Two new species of <em>Gomphonema </em>(Bacillariophyceae) from Doon Valley, Uttarakhand, India. <em>Nova Hedwigia, Beiheft </em>144: 165–174. https://doi.org/10.1127/nova_suppl/2015/0037</p>
<p>Katoh, K. & Toh, H. (2010) Parallelization of the MAFFT multiple sequence alignment program. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 26: 1899–1900. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btq224</p>
<p>Keller, A., Schleicher, T., Schultz, J., Müller, T., Dandekar, T. & Wolf, M. (2009) 5.8S-28S rRNA interaction and HMM-based ITS2 annotation. <em>Gene</em> 430: 50–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2008.10.012</p>
<p>Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C. & Tamura, K. (2018) MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across computing platforms. <em>Molecular Biology and Evolution</em> 35: 1547–1549. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy096</p>
<p>Martynenko, N.A., Gusev, E.S., Kapustin, D.A., Guseva, E.E. & Kulikovskiy, M.S. (2020a) <em>Cryptomonas cattiensis</em> <em>sp. nov.</em> (Cryptophyta: Cryptophyceae), a new species described from Vietnam. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 452 (2): 127–136.</p>
<p>https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.454.2.4</p>
<p>Martynenko, N.A., Gusev, E.S., Kulizin, P.V., Guseva, E.E., Mccartney, K. & Kulikovskiy, M. S. (2020b) A new species of <em>Cryptomonas</em> (Cryptophyceae) from the Western Urals (Russia). <em>European Journal of Taxonomy</em> 649: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.649</p>
<p>Mcfadden, G.I. & Melkonian, M. (1986) Use of Hepes buffer for microalgal culture media and fixation for electron microscopy. <em>Phycologia</em> 25: 551–557. https://doi.org/10.2216/i0031-8884-25-4-551.1</p>
<p>Menon, S. & Bawa, K.S. (1997) Applications of geographic information systems, remote-sensing, and a landscape ecology approach to biodiversity conservation in the Western Ghats. <em>Current science</em> 73 (2): 134–145. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24098267</p>
<p>Nakayama, T., Watanabe, S., Mitsui, K., Uchida, H. & Inouye, I. (1996) The phylogenetic relationship between the Chlamydomonadales and Chlorococcales inferred from 18S rDNA sequence data. <em>Phycological research</em> 44 (1): 47–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1835.1996.tb00037.x</p>
<p>Pascal, J.P. (1988) Wet evergreen forests of the Western Ghats of India: ecology, structure, floristic composition, and succession. French Institute, Pondicherry, India.</p>
<p>Patil, S.R., Patil, S.S. & Sathe, T.V. (2014) Status of freshwater bodies from Ajara tahsil of Kolhapur district (MS), India with special reference to morphometric characteristics. <em>IOSR-JESTFT</em> 8 (9): 17–22. https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-08943137</p>
<p>Patidar, S.K., Chokshi, K., George, B., Bhattacharya, S. & Mishra, S. (2015) Dominance of cyanobacterial and cryptophytic assemblage correlated to CDOM at heavy metal contamination sites of Gujarat, India. <em>Environmental monitoring and assessment</em> 187 (1): 4118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-4118-6</p>
<p>Playfair, G.J. (1921) Australian freshwater flagellates. <em>Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales </em>46: 99–146. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.14004</p>
<p>Pruesse, E., Peplies, J. & Glöckner, F.O. (2012) SINA: accurate high-throughput multiple sequence alignment of ribosomal RNA genes. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 28: 1823–1829. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts252</p>
<p>Radhakrishnan, C., Kulikovskiy, M., Glushchenko, A., Kuznetsova, I., Kociolek, P. & Karthick, B. (2018) <em>Oricymba sagarensis</em> (Gandhi) <em>comb. nov.</em>, an endemic diatom from the Western Ghats, India. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 382 (3): 267–274. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.382.3.3</p>
<p>Radhakrishnan, C., Pardhi, S., Kulikovskiy, M., Kociolek, J.P. & Karthick, B. (2020) <em>Navicula watveae</em> <em>sp. nov.</em> (Bacillariophyceae) a new diatom species from the Western Ghats, India. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 433 (1): 20–26. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.433.1.3</p>
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