Abstract
Endophytic fungi are a diverse group of microorganisms that live asymptomatically in healthy tissues of host and they have been reported from all kinds of plant tissues such as leaves, stems, roots, flowers, and fruits. In this study, fungal endophytes associated with tea leaves (Camellia sinensis) were collected from Kandy, Kegalle, and Nuwara Eliya districts in Sri Lanka and were isolated, characterized, and identified. A total of twenty endophytic fungal isolates belonging to five genera were recovered and ITS-rDNA sequence data were used to identify them. All isolated endophytic fungal strains belong to the phylum Ascomycota and the majority of these isolates were identified as Colletotrichum species. Phyllosticta capitalensis was the most commonly found fungal endophyte in tea leaves and was recorded in all three districts where the samples were collected. This is the very first investigation on fungal endophytes associated with C. sinensis in Sri Lanka based on molecular sequence data. In addition, a comprehensive account of known endophytic fungi reported worldwide on Camellia sinensis is provided.
References
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Liu, L. (2011) Bioactive metabolites from the plant endophyte Pestalotiopsis fici. Mycology 2 (1): 37–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/21501203.2011.562248
Liu, F., Hou, L., Raza, M. & Cai, L. (2017) Pestalotiopsis and allied genera from Camellia, with description of 11 new species from China. Scientific reports 7 (1): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-00972-5
Liu, H.X., Tan, H.B., Li, S.N., Chen, Y.C., Li, H.H. & Zhang, W.M. (2019) Two new metabolites from Daldinia eschscholtzii, an endophytic fungus derived from Pogostemon cablin. Journal of Asian natural products research 21 (2): 150–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020.2017.1392512
Mahmood, T., Akhtar, N. & Khan, B.A. (2010) The morphology, characteristics, and medicinal properties of Camellia sinensis tea. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 4 (19): 2028–2033. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR10.010
Manamgoda, D.S., Udayanga, D., Cai, L., Chukeatirote, E. & Hyde, K.D. (2013) Endophytic Colletotrichum from tropical grasses with a new species C. endophytica. Fungal Diversity 61 (1): 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-013-0256-3
Namita, P., Mukesh, R. & Vijay, K.J. (2012) Camellia sinensis (green tea): A review. Global journal of pharmacology 6 (2): 52–59.
Nath, R., Sharma, G.D. & Barooah, M. (2015) Plant growth promoting endophytic fungi isolated from tea (Camellia sinensis) shrubs of Assam, India. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 13: 877–891. https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1303_877891
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Pandey, A.K., Sinniah, G.D., Azariah, B.K. & Tanti, A. (2021) How the Global Tea Industry Copes up with Fungal Diseases-Challenges and Opportunities. Plant Disease. [Published online; 46 pp.] https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-20-1945-FE
Parthibhan, S., Rao, M.V. & Kumar, T.S. (2017) Culturable fungal endophytes in shoots of Dendrobium aqueum Lindley–An imperiled orchid. Ecological Genetics and Genomics 3: 18–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egg.2017.06.004
Prasai, J.R., Sureshkumar, S., Rajapriya, P., Gopi, C. & Pandi, M. (2021) Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Endophytic Fungi isolated from the leaves of Bergenia ciliata. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology 25 (4): 2239–2257.
Premkumar, R., Ajay, D. & Muraleedharan, N. (2009) Biological control of tea diseases- A Review. In Role of Biocontrol Agents for Disease Management in Sustainable Agriculture. Research India Publications 223–230.
Qingbo, Z., Qingling, C.Y.L.H.P., Meihua, W.L.L.D.T. & Weimin, Z. (2013) Isolation, Identification and Cytotoxic Activities of Endophytic Fungi from Taxus chinensis var. mairei. Biotechnology Bulletin (1): 172–77 .
Rabha, A.J., Naglot, A., Sharma, G.D., Gogoi, H.K. & Veer, V. (2014) In vitro evaluation of antagonism of endophytic Colletotrichum gloeosporioides against potent fungal pathogens of Camellia sinensis. Indian journal of microbiology 54 (3): 302–309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-014-0458-8
Rabha, A.J., Sharma, G.D., Naglot, A. & Gogoi, H.K. (2015) GC-MS analysis of secondary metabolites of endophytic Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolated from Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze. International Journal of Innovative Science Engineering and Technology 3 (11): 373–379.
Rana, K.L., Kour, D., Sheikh, I., Dhiman, A., Yadav, N., Yadav, A.N., Rastegari, A.A., Singh, K. & Saxena, A.K. (2019) Endophytic fungi: biodiversity, ecological significance, and potential industrial applications. In Recent advancement in white biotechnology through fungi. Springer, Cham 1–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10480-1_1
Ratnasiri, J., Anandacoomaraswamy, A., Wijeratne, M.A., Basnayake, S., Jayakody, A. & Amaratunga, L. (2008) Vulnerability of Sri Lankan tea plantations to climate change. In: Climate Change and Vulnerability. pp. 351–372.
Sandika, A.L. (2018) Tea Cultivation in Sri Lanka as a Legacy of the British Colonization: Impacts and Trends. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Review 3 (1): 90–96. https://doi.org/10.4038/jsshr.v3i1.7
Saha, D., Dasgupta, S. & Saha, A. (2005) Antifungal activity of some plant extracts against fungal pathogens of tea (camellia sinensis.). Pharmaceutical biology 43 (1): 87–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200590903426
Sharangi, A.B. (2009) Medicinal and therapeutic potentialities of tea (Camellia sinensis L.)–A review. Food Research International 42 (5–6): 529–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2009.01.007
Shan, W., Zhou, Y., Liu, H. & Yu, X. (2018) Endophytic actinomycetes from tea plants (Camellia sinensis): isolation, abundance, antimicrobial, and plant-growth-promoting activities. BioMed research international 2018. [12 pp.] https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1470305
Sheik, S., Chandrashekar, K.R., Swaroop, K. & Somashekarappa, H.M. (2015) Biodegradation of gamma irradiated low density polyethylene and polypropylene by endophytic fungi. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 105: 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.08.006
Shi, Y.X., Zhang, X.H., Zhao, Q. & Li, B.J. (2019) First report of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causing anthracnose on okra in China. Plant Disease 103 (5): 1023–1023. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-18-0878-PDN
Su, J., Wang, G. & Yang, M. (2010) Mixed culture of endophytic fungi isolated from Camellia sinensis enhancing the antagonistic on plant pathogenic fungi. Mycosystema 29 (5): 753–759.
Thambugala, K.M., Daranagama, D.A., Phillips, A.J., Bulgakov, T.S., Bhat, D.J., Camporesi, E., Bahkali, A.H., Eungwanichayapant, P.D., Liu, Z.Y. & Hyde, K.D. (2017) Microfungi on Tamarix. Fungal Diversity 82: 239–306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-016-0371-z
Thambugala, K.M., Hyde, K.D., Tanaka, K., Tian, Q., Wanasinghe, D.N., Ariyawansa, H.A., Jayasiri, S.C., Boonmee, S., Camporesi, E., Hashimoto, A., Hirayama, K., Schumacher, R.K., Promputtha, L. & Liu, Z.Y. (2015) Towards a natural classification and backbone tree for Lophiostomataceae, Floricolaceae, and Amorosiaceae fam. nov. Fungal Diversity 74: 199–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-015-0348-3
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