Abstract
Based on marine benthic diatoms collected at Potter Cove (Western Antarctic Peninsula), we present a detailed study, using both light and electron microscopy, of the morphology of Campyloneis frenguelliae, a species recently transferred from Cocconeis. Ultrastructural observations revealed a combination of new and unusual features within the Achnanthales: a raphe valve with different areolation patterns, a hollow valvocopula with no apparent fimbriae, and a sternum valve externally ornamented by an embossed structure, areolae occluded by hymenes mostly supported by one short peg, and multiple marginal pores that open internally into shallow valve depressions. In view of these unique set of features, we describe Australoneis gen. nov. to include Australoneis frenguelliae comb. nov. and designate a sample from Potter Cove as epitype of the latter. The main characteristics of the new genus are compared to those of its closely allied Cocconeis, Campyloneis, Xenococconeis and Amphicocconeis.
References
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Compère, P. & Van de Vijver, B. (2009) Planothidium engelbrechtii (Cholnoky) Round & Bukhtiyarova: Identity and lectotypification (Bacillariophyta). Fottea 9: 187–192. https://doi.org/10.5507/fot.2009.019
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De Stefano, M. & De Stefano, L. (2005) A nanostructures in diatom frustules: Functional morphology of valvocopulae in Cocconeidacean monoraphid taxa. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 5: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2005.001
De Stefano, M. & Marino, D. (2003) Morphology and taxonomy of Amphicocconeis gen. nov. (Achnanthales, Bacillariophyceae, Bacillariophyta) with considerations on its relationship to other monoraphid diatom genera. European Journal of Phycology 38: 361–370. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670260310001612646
De Stefano, M., Marino, D. & Mazzella, L. (2000) Marine taxa of Cocconeis on leaves of Posidonia oceanica, including a new species and two new varieties. European Journal of Phycology 35: 225–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670260010001735831
De Stefano, M., Kooistra, W.H.C.F. & Marino, D. (2003) Morphology of the diatom genus Campyloneis (Bacillariophyceae, Bacillariophyta), with a description of Campyloneis juliae sp. nov. and an evaluation of the function of the valvocopulae. Journal of Phycology 39: 735–753. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.02088.x
De Stefano, M., Romero, O.E. & Totti, C. (2008) A comparative study of Cocconeis scutellum Ehrenberg and its varieties (Bacillariophyta). Botanica Marina 51: 506–536. https://doi.org/10.1515/BOT.2008.058
Ehrenberg, C.G. (1837) Zusätze zur Erkenntniss grosser organischer Ausbildung in den kleinsten theirischen Organismen. Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1835: 151–180.
Ehrenberg, C.G. (1838) [Die Infusionsthierchen als vollkommene Organismen.] Atlas. Leipzig: Verlag von Leopold Voss, pp. I–XVII, 1–548, pls. 1–64.
Fernandes, L.F., Calixto, M., Lange, P. & Tenenbaum, D.R. (2013) Benthic diatoms in the plankton of Admiralty Bay (Western Antarctic Peninsula): Taxonomy and potential implications to the pelagic community. In: Valentin, Y.Y., Dalto, A.G. & Lavrado, H.P. (Eds.) Annual Activity Report of National Institute of Science and Technology Antarctic Environmental Research (INCT-APA) – 2012. Editora Cubo, São Carlos, Brazil, pp. 102–108. https://doi.org/10.4322/apa.2014.104
Frenguelli, J. & Orlando, H.A. (1958) Diatomeas y Silicoflagelados del Sector Antártico Sudamericano. Publicaciones del Instituto Antártico Argentino 5: 1–191.
Grunow, A. (1862) Die österreichischen Diatomaceen nebst Anschluss einiger neuen Arten von anderen Lokalitäten und einer kritischen Uebersicht der bisher bekannten Gattungen und Arten. Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-königlichen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 12: 315–472. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.64361
Grunow, A. (1868, ‘1867’) Algae. In: Reise der österreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Befehlen des Commodore B. von Wüllerstorf-Urbair. Botanischer Theil. Erster Band. Sporenpflanzen. Aus der Kaiserlich Königlichen Hof- und Staatsdruckeri in Commission bei Karl Gerold’s Sohn, Wien, 104 pp.
Hustedt, F. (1939) Die Diatomeenflora des Küstengebietes der Nordsee vom Dollart bis zu Elbemündung. I. Die Diatomeenflora in den Sedimenten der unteren Ems sowie auf den Watten in der Leybucht, des Memmert und bei der Insel Juist. Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein zu Bremen 31: 571–677.
Jüttner, I., Williams, D.M., Levkov, Z., Falasco, E., Battegazore, M., Cantonati, M., Van de Vijver, B., Angele, C. & Ector, L. (2015) Reinvestigation of the type material for Odontidium hyemale (Roth) Kützing and related species, with description of four new species in the genus Odontidium (Fragilariaceae, Bacillariophyta). Phytotaxa 234: 1–36. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.234.1.1
Kützing, F.T. (1849) Species algarum. F.A. Brockhaus, Lipsiae (Leipzig), 922 pp.
Lange, P.K., Tenenbaum, D.R., Braga, E.S & Campos, L.S. (2007) Microphytoplankton assemblages in shallow waters at Admiralty Bay (King George Island, Antarctica) during the summer 2002–2003. Polar Biology 30: 1483–1492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-007-0309-8
Ligowski, R. (2000) Benthic feeding by kreel, Euphausia superba Dana, in coastal waters off West Antarctica and in Admiralty Bay, South Shetland Islands. Polar Biology 23: 619–625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003000000131
Ligowski, R. & Kopczcyi?ska, E. (1991) Distribution of net phytoplankton in the sea-ice zone between Elephant Island and the South Orkney Islands (December 1988 – January 1989). Polish Polar Research 12: 529–546.
Majewska, R., Kuklinski, P., Balazy, P., Yokoya, N.S., Paternostro Martins, A. & De Stefano, M. (2014) A comparison of epiphytic diatom communities on Plocamium cartilagineum (Plocamiales, Florideophyceae) from two Antarctic areas. Polar Biology 38: 189–205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-014-1578-7
Morales, E.A., Siver, P.A. & Trainor, F.R. (2001) Identification of diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) during ecological assessments: comparison between light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy techniques. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 151: 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1635/0097-3157(2001)151[0095:IODBDE]2.0.CO;2
Peragallo, M.M. & Peragallo, H. (1897–1908) Diatomées marines de France et des districts maritimes voisins. M.J. Tempère Micrographe, Grez-sur-Loing, France, 491 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.13501
Poulin, M. & Hamilton, P.B. (1991) Some aspects of the curation and conservation of the diatom collection at the Canadian Museum of Nature. Diatom Research 6: 645–649. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1991.9705180
Prygiel, J. & Coste, M. (2000) Guide méthodologique pour la mise en œuvre de l’indice Biologique Diatomées NF T 90-354. Etude Agences de l’Eau-Cemagref Bordeaux, mars 2000, Agences de l’Eau, 134 pp.
Riaux-Gobin, C. & Compère, P. (2008) New Cocconeis taxa from coral sands off Réunion Island (Western Indian Ocean). Diatom Research 23: 129–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2008.9705742
Riaux-Gobin, C. & Romero, O. (2003) Marine Cocconeis Ehrenberg (Bacillariophyceae) species and related taxa from Kerguelen’s Land (Austral Ocean, Indian sector). Bibliotheca Diatomologica 47: 1–189.
Riaux-Gobin, C., Romero, O.E., Al-Handal, A.Y. & Compère, P. (2010) Two new Cocconeis taxa (Bacillariophyceae) from coral sands off the Mascarenes (Western Indian Ocean) and some related unidentified taxa. European Journal of Phycology 45: 278–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670260903560076
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Riaux-Gobin, C., Romero, O.E., Compère, P. & Al-Handal, A.Y. (2011b) Small-sized Achnanthales (Bacillariophyta) from coral sands off Mascarenes (Western Indian Ocean). Bibliotheca Diatomologica 57: 1–234.
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