Abstract
Carapa wohllebenii is described as a new tree species from the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, and Burundi. Its affinities to Carapa grandiflora are discussed. It differs in a number of morphological features; the most prominent being the oblanceolate-oblong leaflets with distinctly mucronate apex and a length/width ratio of 3.2–4.7 (vs. oblong ovate leaflets with mucronulate apex and a length/width ratio of 1.9–2.7 in C. grandiflora). A molecular phylogeny of Carapa is presented that clearly indicates the distinct phylogenetic position of both species. Based on the current knowledge, the new species is given a preliminary conservation assessment of LEAST CONCERN (LC). Carapa grandiflora is here for the first time recorded from the Democratic Republic of Congo.
References
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Barker, F.K. & Lutzoni, F.M. (2002) The utility of the incongruence length difference test. Systematic Biology 51 (4): 625–637. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150290102302
Bloesch, U., Troupin, G. & Derungs, N. (2009) Les plantes ligneuses du Rwanda. Flore, écologie et usages. Shaker Verlag, Aachen, 757 pp.
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Duminil, J., Kenfack, D., Viscosi, V., Grumiau, L. & Hardy, O.J. (2011) Testing species delimitation in sympatric species complexes: The case of an African tropical tree, Carapa spp. (Meliaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 62 (1): 275–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.09.020
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Forget, P.-M., Poncy, O., Thomas, R.S., Hammond, D.S. & Kenfack, D. (2009) A new species of Carapa (Meliaceae) from Central Guyana. Brittonia 61 (4): 366–374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12228-009-9090-z
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IUCN (2016) The IUCN Red List of threatened species – 2001 Categories and Criteria, Version 3.1. Available from: https://www.iucnredlist.org./static/categories_criteria_3_1 (accessed 26 December 2019)
Janssens, S., Geuten, K., Yuan, Y.-M., Song, Y., Küpfer, P. & Smets, E. (2006) Phylogenetics of Impatiens and Hydrocera (Balsaminaceae) using chloroplast atpB-rbcL spacer sequences. Systematic Botany 31: 171–180. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364406775971796
Johnson, L.A. & Soltis, D.E. (1998) Assessing congruence: empirical examples from molecular data. In: Soltis, D.E., Soltis, P.S. & Doyle, J.J. (Eds.) Molecular Systematics of Plants II. Springer, Boston, pp. 297–348. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5419-6_11
Jussieu, A. (1830) Sur le groupe des Méliacées. Pars secunda genera quibus specierum enumeratio accedit. Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 19: 213–256.
Katoh, K., Misawa, K., Kuma, K. & Miyata, T. (2002) MAFFT: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform. Nucleic Acids Research 30 (14): 3059–3066. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkf436
Kenfack, D. (2011a) A synoptic revision of Carapa (Meliaceae). Harvard Papers in Botany 16 (2): 171–231. https://doi.org/10.3100/0.25.016.0201
Kenfack, D. (2011b) Carapa vasquezii sp. nov. (Meliaceae) from western Amazon. Brittonia 63 (1): 7–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12228-010-9163-z
Kenfack, D. (2011c) Resurrection in Carapa (Meliaceae): a reassessment of morphological variation and species boundaries using multivariate methods in a phylogenetic context. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 165 (2): 186–221. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2010.01104.x
Kenfack, D. & Peréz, Á.J. (2011) Two new species of Carapa (Meliaceae) from Western Ecuador. Systematic Botany 36 (1): 124–128. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X553207
Koenen, E.J.M. & De Wilde, J.J.F.E. (2012) A taxonomic revision of the reinstated genus Leplaea and the newly recognized genus Neoguarea (Meliaceae, Sapindales): the exclusion of Guarea from Africa. Plant Ecology & Evolution 145 (2): 209–241. https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2012.656
Koenig, J. (1784) Xylocarpus. Der Naturforscher 20: 2.
Linnaeus, C. (1771) Mantissa Plantarum altera generum editionis VI & specierum editionis II. L. Salvius, Stockholm, pp.143–588. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.69083
Noamesi, G.K. (1958) A revision of Xylocarpeae (Meliaceae). Ph.D. thesis, University of Winscosin, Madison.
Posada, D. (2008) jModelTest: phylogenetic model averaging. Molecular Biology & Evolution 25 (7): 1253–1256. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msn083
Sprague, T.A. (1910) Entandrophragma, Leioptyx and Pseudocedrela. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Kew 1910 (6): 177–182. https://doi.org/10.2307/4113300
Stamatakis, A., Hoover, P. & Rougement, J. (2008) A fast bootstrapping algorithm for the RAxML web servers. Systematic Biology 57 (5): 758–771. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150802429642
Staner, P. & Gilbert, G. (1958) Meliaceae. In: Comité exécutif de la Flore du Congo Belge et Jardin Botanique de l‘État, Flore du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi Spermatophytes 7. L’Institut National pour l’Étude Agronomique du Congo Belge, Bruxelles, pp. 147–213.
Stapf, O. (1906) Plantae novae daweanae in Uganda lectae. Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 37: 495–544. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1906.tb00847.x
Styles, B.T. & White, F. (1991) Meliaceae. In: Polhill, R.M. (Ed.) Flora of Tropical East Africa. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 68 pp.
Swofford, D.L. (2003) PAUP*: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and other methods), version 4.0b10. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, USA.
Tel-Zur, N., Abbo, S., Myslabodski, D. & Mizrahi, Y. (1999) Modified CTAB procedure for DNA isolation from epiphytic cacti of the genera Hylocereus and Selenicereus (Cactaceae). Plant Molecular Biology Reports 17: 249–254. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007656315275
Thiers, B. (2020 continuously updated) Index Herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed 15 March 2020)
Troupin, G. (1982) Flores des plantes ligneuses du Rwanda. Annalen Sciences Economiques, sér. 8(12). Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, , Tervuren, 747 pp.
Troupin, G. (1983) Flore du Rwanda Spermatophytes, Vol. 2. Publication n°22, Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique, Institut National de Recherche Scientifique, Butare, 604 pp.
Vermoesen, F.M.C. (1921) Leplaea. Un nouveau genre de la famille des Méliacées. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines 9, Suppl. Bot.: B61–B68.
White, T.J., Bruns, T.D., Lee, S.B. & Taylor, J.W. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.I. & White, T.J. (Eds.) PCR Protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1
Wohlleben, P. (2017) The hidden life of trees. Harper Collins Publishers, London, 272 pp.
Baker, J.G. (1894) Piptadenia buchanani. CCCCXII.–Decades Kewenses. Plantarum novarum in herbario horti regii conservatarum. Decas X. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Botanic Garden Kew) 94: 353–358. https://doi.org/10.2307/4118323
Barker, F.K. & Lutzoni, F.M. (2002) The utility of the incongruence length difference test. Systematic Biology 51 (4): 625–637. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150290102302
Bloesch, U., Troupin, G. & Derungs, N. (2009) Les plantes ligneuses du Rwanda. Flore, écologie et usages. Shaker Verlag, Aachen, 757 pp.
Burret, M. (1909) Tiliaceae. auf der Expedition des Herzogs Adolf Friedrich zu Mecklenburg gesammelt von J. Mildbraed. Erste Serie. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik und Pflanzengeographie 43: 308–348. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/705#page/324/mode/1up]
Chevalier, A. (1909) Les Végétaux utiles de l’Afrique Tropicale Francaise, Études Scientifiques et Agronomiques, Vol. 5. Première Étude sur les bois de la Cote d’Ivoire. A. Challamel, Paris, pp. 1–314. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/150838]
De Candolle, A.P. (1824) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, Vol. I. Treuttel & Würtz, Paris, 745 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.286
De Candolle, C. (1878) Meliacées. In: Candolle, A. de & Candolle, C. de (Eds.) Monographiae phanerogamarum prodromi nunc continuatio nunc revisio, Vol. 1. G. Masson, Paris, pp. 399–758. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/188757#page/411/mode/1up]
De Candolle, C. (1907) VIII Meliaceae Novae. Annuaire du Conservatoire et du Jardin Botaniques de Genève 10: 122–176. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/113039#page/438/mode/1up]
Duminil, J., Kenfack, D., Viscosi, V., Grumiau, L. & Hardy, O.J. (2011) Testing species delimitation in sympatric species complexes: The case of an African tropical tree, Carapa spp. (Meliaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 62 (1): 275–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.09.020
Farris, J.D., Källersjö, M., Kluge, A.G. & Bult, C. (1995) Constructing a significance test for incongruence. Systematic Biology 44 (4): 570–572. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/44.4.570
Forget, P.-M., Poncy, O., Thomas, R.S., Hammond, D.S. & Kenfack, D. (2009) A new species of Carapa (Meliaceae) from Central Guyana. Brittonia 61 (4): 366–374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12228-009-9090-z
Gilbert, G. & Boutique, R. (1952) 50. Mimosaceae. Flore du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi Spermatophytes, Vol. 3. Institut National pour l‘Eìtude Agronomique du Congo Belge, Bruxelles, pp. 137–233.
Harms, H. (1896) Meliaceae. In: Engler, A. & Prantl, K. (Eds.) Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien ed. 1, III. W. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 258–308.
Harms, H. (1917) Meliaceae africanae. Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens Berlin-Dahlem 7: 223–232. https://doi.org/10.2307/3994347
Harms, H. (1940) Meliaceae. In: Engler, A. & Prantl, K. (Eds.) Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien ed. 2. W. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 1–172.
Hollingsworth, P.M. (2008) DNA barcoding plants in biodiversity hot spots: Progress and outstanding questions. Heredity 101: 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2008.16
IUCN (2016) The IUCN Red List of threatened species – 2001 Categories and Criteria, Version 3.1. Available from: https://www.iucnredlist.org./static/categories_criteria_3_1 (accessed 26 December 2019)
Janssens, S., Geuten, K., Yuan, Y.-M., Song, Y., Küpfer, P. & Smets, E. (2006) Phylogenetics of Impatiens and Hydrocera (Balsaminaceae) using chloroplast atpB-rbcL spacer sequences. Systematic Botany 31: 171–180. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364406775971796
Johnson, L.A. & Soltis, D.E. (1998) Assessing congruence: empirical examples from molecular data. In: Soltis, D.E., Soltis, P.S. & Doyle, J.J. (Eds.) Molecular Systematics of Plants II. Springer, Boston, pp. 297–348. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5419-6_11
Jussieu, A. (1830) Sur le groupe des Méliacées. Pars secunda genera quibus specierum enumeratio accedit. Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 19: 213–256.
Katoh, K., Misawa, K., Kuma, K. & Miyata, T. (2002) MAFFT: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform. Nucleic Acids Research 30 (14): 3059–3066. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkf436
Kenfack, D. (2011a) A synoptic revision of Carapa (Meliaceae). Harvard Papers in Botany 16 (2): 171–231. https://doi.org/10.3100/0.25.016.0201
Kenfack, D. (2011b) Carapa vasquezii sp. nov. (Meliaceae) from western Amazon. Brittonia 63 (1): 7–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12228-010-9163-z
Kenfack, D. (2011c) Resurrection in Carapa (Meliaceae): a reassessment of morphological variation and species boundaries using multivariate methods in a phylogenetic context. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 165 (2): 186–221. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2010.01104.x
Kenfack, D. & Peréz, Á.J. (2011) Two new species of Carapa (Meliaceae) from Western Ecuador. Systematic Botany 36 (1): 124–128. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411X553207
Koenen, E.J.M. & De Wilde, J.J.F.E. (2012) A taxonomic revision of the reinstated genus Leplaea and the newly recognized genus Neoguarea (Meliaceae, Sapindales): the exclusion of Guarea from Africa. Plant Ecology & Evolution 145 (2): 209–241. https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2012.656
Koenig, J. (1784) Xylocarpus. Der Naturforscher 20: 2.
Linnaeus, C. (1771) Mantissa Plantarum altera generum editionis VI & specierum editionis II. L. Salvius, Stockholm, pp.143–588. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.69083
Noamesi, G.K. (1958) A revision of Xylocarpeae (Meliaceae). Ph.D. thesis, University of Winscosin, Madison.
Posada, D. (2008) jModelTest: phylogenetic model averaging. Molecular Biology & Evolution 25 (7): 1253–1256. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msn083
Sprague, T.A. (1910) Entandrophragma, Leioptyx and Pseudocedrela. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Kew 1910 (6): 177–182. https://doi.org/10.2307/4113300
Stamatakis, A., Hoover, P. & Rougement, J. (2008) A fast bootstrapping algorithm for the RAxML web servers. Systematic Biology 57 (5): 758–771. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150802429642
Staner, P. & Gilbert, G. (1958) Meliaceae. In: Comité exécutif de la Flore du Congo Belge et Jardin Botanique de l‘État, Flore du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Urundi Spermatophytes 7. L’Institut National pour l’Étude Agronomique du Congo Belge, Bruxelles, pp. 147–213.
Stapf, O. (1906) Plantae novae daweanae in Uganda lectae. Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 37: 495–544. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1906.tb00847.x
Styles, B.T. & White, F. (1991) Meliaceae. In: Polhill, R.M. (Ed.) Flora of Tropical East Africa. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 68 pp.
Swofford, D.L. (2003) PAUP*: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and other methods), version 4.0b10. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, USA.
Tel-Zur, N., Abbo, S., Myslabodski, D. & Mizrahi, Y. (1999) Modified CTAB procedure for DNA isolation from epiphytic cacti of the genera Hylocereus and Selenicereus (Cactaceae). Plant Molecular Biology Reports 17: 249–254. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007656315275
Thiers, B. (2020 continuously updated) Index Herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed 15 March 2020)
Troupin, G. (1982) Flores des plantes ligneuses du Rwanda. Annalen Sciences Economiques, sér. 8(12). Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, , Tervuren, 747 pp.
Troupin, G. (1983) Flore du Rwanda Spermatophytes, Vol. 2. Publication n°22, Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique, Institut National de Recherche Scientifique, Butare, 604 pp.
Vermoesen, F.M.C. (1921) Leplaea. Un nouveau genre de la famille des Méliacées. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines 9, Suppl. Bot.: B61–B68.
White, T.J., Bruns, T.D., Lee, S.B. & Taylor, J.W. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.I. & White, T.J. (Eds.) PCR Protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1
Wohlleben, P. (2017) The hidden life of trees. Harper Collins Publishers, London, 272 pp.