Abstract
The genus Phaeorrhiza is reported as new for the Chinese lichen biota, including the two species, Phaeorrhiza nimbosa (Fr.) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt and P. sareptana var. sphaerocarpa. (Tr. Fr.) H. Mayrhofer & Poelt. The genus grows on soil in alpine meadows, morphologically characterized by a squamulose to subfoliose thallus, rhizohyphae, and Beltraminia-type ascospores. P. nimbosa has cryptolecanorine to eulecanorine apothecia, while P. sareptana var. sphaerocarpa has lecideine apothecia. Descriptions, a key and a phylogram of these species are provided.
References
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Guindon, S., Dufayard, J.F., Lefort, V., Anisimova, M., Hordijk, W. & Gascuel, O. (2010) New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0. Systematic Biology 59 (3): 307–321. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syq010
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Harutyunyan, S., Wiesmayr, B. & Mayrhofer, H. (2011) Catalogue of the lichenized fungi of Armenia. Herzogia 24 (2): 265–296. https://doi.org/10.13158/heia.24.2.2011.265
Hassouna, N., Mithot, B. & Bachellerie, J.P. (1984) The complete nucleotide sequence of mouse 28S rRNA gene. Implications for the process of size increase of the large subunit rRNA in higher eukaryotes. Nucleic Acids Research 12: 3563–3583. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/12.8.3563
Helms, G., Friedl, T. & Rambold, G. (2003) Phylogenetic relationships of the Physciaceae inferred from rDNA sequence data and selected phenotypic characters. Mycologia 95 (6): 1078–1099. https://doi.org/10.2307/3761914
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John, V. & Türk, A. (2017) Türkiye Likenleri Listesi (A checklist of the lichens of Turkey). ?stanbul: Nezahat Gökyi?it Botanik Bahçesi Yay?m?.
Katoh, K., Misawa, K., Kuma, K. & Miyata, T. (2002) MAFFT: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform. Nucleic Acids Research 30 (14): 3059–3066. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkf436
Kudratov, I. & Mayrhofer, H. (2002) Catalogue of the lichenized and lichenicolous fungi of Tajikistan. Herzogia 15: 91–128.
Lanfear, R., Calcott, B., Ho, S.Y. & Guindon S. (2012) PartitionFinder: combined selection of partitioning schemes and substitution models for phylogenetic analyses. Molecular Biology and Evolution 29 (6): 1695–1701. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mss020
Lanfear, R., Frandsen, P. B., Wright, A. M., Senfeld, T. & Calcott, B. (2017) PartitionFinder 2: new methods for selecting partitioned models of evolution for molecular and morphological phylogenetic analyses. Molecular Biology and Evolution 34 (3): 772–773. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw260
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Lohtander, K., Källersjö, M., Moberg, R. & Tehler A. (2000) The family Physciaceae in Fennoscandia: phylogeny inferred from ITS sequences. Mycologia 92 (4): 728–735. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2000.12061212
Magnusson, A.H. (1957) Some interesting lichens from Norway. Nytt Magasin for Botanikk 5: 17–21.
Marthinsen, G., Rui S. & Timdal, E.O. (2019) A reference library of DNA barcodes for Nordic lichens. Biodiversity Data Journal 7: 1–146. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.7.e36252
Mayrhofer, H. & Poelt J. (1978) Phaeorrhiza, eine neue Gattung der Physciaceae (Lichenes). Nova Hedwigia 30: 781–798. https://doi.org/10.1127/nova.hedwigia/30/1979/781
Molina, M.C., Divakar, P.K. & González, N. (2015) Success in the isolation and axenic culture of Anaptychia ciliaris (Physciaceae, Lecanoromycetes) mycobiont. Mycoscience 56 (4): 351–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.myc.2014.10.003
Orange, A., James, P.W. & White, F.J. (2001) Microchemical methods for the identification of lichens. British Lichen Society, London, UK.
Rambaut, A. (2012) FigTree v. 1.4.0. Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh. [http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/?gtree/]
Rehner, S.A. & Samuels, G.J. (1994) Taxonomy and phylogeny of Gliocladium analysed from nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. Mycological Research 98 (6): 625–634. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80409-7
Resl, P., Mayrhofer, H., Clayden, S.R., Spribille, T., Thor, G., Tønsberg, T. & Sheard, J.W. (2016) Morphological, chemical and species delimitation analyses provide new taxonomic insights into two groups of Rinodina. Lichenologist 48 (5): 469–488. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282916000359
Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., van der Mark, P., Ayres, D., Darling, A., Höhna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: Ecient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Systematic Biology 61 (3): 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029
Sheard, J.W. (2010) The lichen genus Rinodina (Lecanoromycetidae, Physciaceae) in North America, north of Mexico. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, pp. 9–10.
Shi, H., Wang, X., Zhou, Y., Liu, D., Zhang, Y., Yang, M., Timdal, E. & Wang. L. (2018) Three new species and one new combination of Gypsoplaca (lichenized Ascomycota) from the Hengduan Mountains in China. Mycological Progress 17: 781–790. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-018-1396-3
Stamatakis, A. (2014) RAxML Version 8: A tool for Phylogenetic Analysis and Post-Analysis of Large Phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30 (9): 1312–1313. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033
Trass, H. (1998) List of physcioid macrolichens of Russian Far East and Siberia. Folia Cryptogamica Estonica 33: 147–151.
Valadbeigi, T. & Sipman, H.J.M. (2010) New records of lichens and lichenicolous fungi from Iran and their biogeographical significance. Mycotaxon 113 (1): 191–194. https://doi.org/10.5248/113.191
Vilgalys, R. & Hester, M. (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. Journal of Bacteriology 172 (8): 4238–4246. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.172.8.4238-4246.1990
Wagner, V. & Spribille T. (2005) Preliminary checklist of the lichens of Kazakhstan. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237216241_Preliminary_checklist_of_the_lichens_of_Kazakhstan]
Wang, L.S., Wang, X.Y., Liu, D., Myllys, L., Shi, H.X., Zhang. Y.Y., Yang, M.X. & Li, L.L. (2017) Four new species of Bryoria (Lichenized Ascomycota: Parmeliaceae) from the Hengduan Mountains, China. Phytotaxa 297 (1): 29–41. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.297.1.3
Wedin, M., Döring, H., Nordin, A. & Tibell, L. (2000) Small subunit rDNA phylogeny shows the lichen families Caliciaceae and Physciaceae (Lecanorales, Ascomycotina) to form a monophyletic group. Canadian Journal of Botany 78: 246–254. https://doi.org/10.1139/b99-185
White, T.J., Bruns, T.D., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal DNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. & White, T.J. (Eds.) PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 315–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1
Zhao, X., Zhang, L.L., Zhao, Z.T., Wang, W.C., Leavitt, S.D. & Lumbsch, T. (2015) Molecular phylogeny of the lichen genus Lecidella focusing on species from mainland China. PloS ONE 10 (9): e0139405. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139405
Zhurbenko, M., Enkhtuya, O. & Javkhlan, S. (2020) Additions to the checklist of lichenicolous fungi of Mongolia. Folia Cryptogamica Estonica Fasc. 57: 9–20. https://doi.org/10.12697/fce.2020.57.03
Zoller, S., Scheidegger, C. & Sperisen, C. (1999) PCR primers for the amplification of mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA of lichen-forming ascomycetes[J]. Lichenologist 31 (5): 511–516. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282999000663
Culberson, C.F. (1972) Improved conditions and new data for identification of lichen products by standardized thin-layer chromatographic method. Journal of Chromatography A 72 (1): 113–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(72)80013-X
Diederich, P. & Zhurbenko, M.P. (2009) Sphaerellothecium phaeorrhizae and Zwackhiomyces sipmanii spp. nov. on Phaeorrhiza sareptana from north-eastern Asia, with a key to the species of Sphaerellothecium. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 99: 113–122.
Gardes, M. & Bruns, T.D. (1993) ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes-application for the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Molecular Ecology 2: 113–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1993.tb00005.x
Grube, M. & Arup, U. (2001) Molecular and morphological evolution in the Physciaceae (Lecanorales, lichenized Ascomycotina), with special emphasis on the genus Rinodina. Lichenologist 33 (1): 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1006/lich.2000.0297
Guindon, S., Dufayard, J.F., Lefort, V., Anisimova, M., Hordijk, W. & Gascuel, O. (2010) New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0. Systematic Biology 59 (3): 307–321. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syq010
Hansen, E.S. (1987) New or interesting Greenland lichens IV. Mycotaxon 30: 69–80.
Hansen, E.S. (2000) A contribution to the lichen flora of the Kangerlussuaq area, West Greenland. Cryptogamie Mycologie 21 (1): 53–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0181-1584(00)00104-4
Harutyunyan, S. & Mayrhofer, H. (2009) A contribution to the lichen mycota of Armenia. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 100: 137–156.
Harutyunyan, S., Wiesmayr, B. & Mayrhofer, H. (2011) Catalogue of the lichenized fungi of Armenia. Herzogia 24 (2): 265–296. https://doi.org/10.13158/heia.24.2.2011.265
Hassouna, N., Mithot, B. & Bachellerie, J.P. (1984) The complete nucleotide sequence of mouse 28S rRNA gene. Implications for the process of size increase of the large subunit rRNA in higher eukaryotes. Nucleic Acids Research 12: 3563–3583. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/12.8.3563
Helms, G., Friedl, T. & Rambold, G. (2003) Phylogenetic relationships of the Physciaceae inferred from rDNA sequence data and selected phenotypic characters. Mycologia 95 (6): 1078–1099. https://doi.org/10.2307/3761914
Hou, X. (2001) Vegetation Altas of China. Science Press, Beijing, China.
Huneck, S., Schmidt, J. & Mayrhofer, H. (1989) Zur Chemie der Flechte Phaeorrhiza nimbosa. Herzogia 8: 137–139.
John, V. & Türk, A. (2017) Türkiye Likenleri Listesi (A checklist of the lichens of Turkey). ?stanbul: Nezahat Gökyi?it Botanik Bahçesi Yay?m?.
Katoh, K., Misawa, K., Kuma, K. & Miyata, T. (2002) MAFFT: a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast Fourier transform. Nucleic Acids Research 30 (14): 3059–3066. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkf436
Kudratov, I. & Mayrhofer, H. (2002) Catalogue of the lichenized and lichenicolous fungi of Tajikistan. Herzogia 15: 91–128.
Lanfear, R., Calcott, B., Ho, S.Y. & Guindon S. (2012) PartitionFinder: combined selection of partitioning schemes and substitution models for phylogenetic analyses. Molecular Biology and Evolution 29 (6): 1695–1701. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mss020
Lanfear, R., Frandsen, P. B., Wright, A. M., Senfeld, T. & Calcott, B. (2017) PartitionFinder 2: new methods for selecting partitioned models of evolution for molecular and morphological phylogenetic analyses. Molecular Biology and Evolution 34 (3): 772–773. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw260
Lohtander, K., Ahti, T., Stenroos, S. & Urbanavichus, G. (2008) Is Anaptychia monophyletic? A phylogenetic study based on nuclear and mitochondrial genes. Annales Botanici Fennici 45 (1): 55–60. https://doi.org/10.5735/085.045.0106
Lohtander, K., Källersjö, M., Moberg, R. & Tehler A. (2000) The family Physciaceae in Fennoscandia: phylogeny inferred from ITS sequences. Mycologia 92 (4): 728–735. https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2000.12061212
Magnusson, A.H. (1957) Some interesting lichens from Norway. Nytt Magasin for Botanikk 5: 17–21.
Marthinsen, G., Rui S. & Timdal, E.O. (2019) A reference library of DNA barcodes for Nordic lichens. Biodiversity Data Journal 7: 1–146. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.7.e36252
Mayrhofer, H. & Poelt J. (1978) Phaeorrhiza, eine neue Gattung der Physciaceae (Lichenes). Nova Hedwigia 30: 781–798. https://doi.org/10.1127/nova.hedwigia/30/1979/781
Molina, M.C., Divakar, P.K. & González, N. (2015) Success in the isolation and axenic culture of Anaptychia ciliaris (Physciaceae, Lecanoromycetes) mycobiont. Mycoscience 56 (4): 351–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.myc.2014.10.003
Orange, A., James, P.W. & White, F.J. (2001) Microchemical methods for the identification of lichens. British Lichen Society, London, UK.
Rambaut, A. (2012) FigTree v. 1.4.0. Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh. [http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/?gtree/]
Rehner, S.A. & Samuels, G.J. (1994) Taxonomy and phylogeny of Gliocladium analysed from nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. Mycological Research 98 (6): 625–634. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80409-7
Resl, P., Mayrhofer, H., Clayden, S.R., Spribille, T., Thor, G., Tønsberg, T. & Sheard, J.W. (2016) Morphological, chemical and species delimitation analyses provide new taxonomic insights into two groups of Rinodina. Lichenologist 48 (5): 469–488. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282916000359
Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., van der Mark, P., Ayres, D., Darling, A., Höhna, S., Larget, B., Liu, L., Suchard, M.A. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2012) MrBayes 3.2: Ecient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Systematic Biology 61 (3): 539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029
Sheard, J.W. (2010) The lichen genus Rinodina (Lecanoromycetidae, Physciaceae) in North America, north of Mexico. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, pp. 9–10.
Shi, H., Wang, X., Zhou, Y., Liu, D., Zhang, Y., Yang, M., Timdal, E. & Wang. L. (2018) Three new species and one new combination of Gypsoplaca (lichenized Ascomycota) from the Hengduan Mountains in China. Mycological Progress 17: 781–790. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-018-1396-3
Stamatakis, A. (2014) RAxML Version 8: A tool for Phylogenetic Analysis and Post-Analysis of Large Phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30 (9): 1312–1313. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033
Trass, H. (1998) List of physcioid macrolichens of Russian Far East and Siberia. Folia Cryptogamica Estonica 33: 147–151.
Valadbeigi, T. & Sipman, H.J.M. (2010) New records of lichens and lichenicolous fungi from Iran and their biogeographical significance. Mycotaxon 113 (1): 191–194. https://doi.org/10.5248/113.191
Vilgalys, R. & Hester, M. (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. Journal of Bacteriology 172 (8): 4238–4246. https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.172.8.4238-4246.1990
Wagner, V. & Spribille T. (2005) Preliminary checklist of the lichens of Kazakhstan. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237216241_Preliminary_checklist_of_the_lichens_of_Kazakhstan]
Wang, L.S., Wang, X.Y., Liu, D., Myllys, L., Shi, H.X., Zhang. Y.Y., Yang, M.X. & Li, L.L. (2017) Four new species of Bryoria (Lichenized Ascomycota: Parmeliaceae) from the Hengduan Mountains, China. Phytotaxa 297 (1): 29–41. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.297.1.3
Wedin, M., Döring, H., Nordin, A. & Tibell, L. (2000) Small subunit rDNA phylogeny shows the lichen families Caliciaceae and Physciaceae (Lecanorales, Ascomycotina) to form a monophyletic group. Canadian Journal of Botany 78: 246–254. https://doi.org/10.1139/b99-185
White, T.J., Bruns, T.D., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal DNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. & White, T.J. (Eds.) PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 315–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1
Zhao, X., Zhang, L.L., Zhao, Z.T., Wang, W.C., Leavitt, S.D. & Lumbsch, T. (2015) Molecular phylogeny of the lichen genus Lecidella focusing on species from mainland China. PloS ONE 10 (9): e0139405. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139405
Zhurbenko, M., Enkhtuya, O. & Javkhlan, S. (2020) Additions to the checklist of lichenicolous fungi of Mongolia. Folia Cryptogamica Estonica Fasc. 57: 9–20. https://doi.org/10.12697/fce.2020.57.03
Zoller, S., Scheidegger, C. & Sperisen, C. (1999) PCR primers for the amplification of mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA of lichen-forming ascomycetes[J]. Lichenologist 31 (5): 511–516. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0024282999000663