Abstract
Alpinia laosensis was previously placed in synonymy under A. conchigera. However, a critical examination of herbarium specimens (including type material) and living plants of A. laosensis and A. conchigera reveals that they are two separate species. Alpinia laosensis can be distinguished from A. conchigera by the shape of its fruits, shape and size of leaves and colour of labellum. We therefore reinstate A. laosensis as an independent species. A detailed description of A. laosensis together with a distribution map of both species are provided.
References
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<p> </p>
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<p>Ridley, H.N. (1899) The Scitamineae of the Malay Peninsula. <em>Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society</em> 32: 85–184.</p>
<p>Roxburgh, W. (1810) Descriptions of several of the monandrous plants of India, belonging to the natural order called Scitamineae by Linnaeus, Cannae by Jussieu, and Drimyrhizae by Ventenat. <em>Asiatic Researches</em> 11: 318–362.</p>
<p>Schumann, K. (1899) Monographie der Zingiberaceae von Malaisien und Papuasien. <em>Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie</em> 27: 270–300.</p>
<p>Schumann, K. (1904) Zingiberaceae. <em>In</em>: Engler, H.G.A. (Ed.) <em>Das Pflanzenreich</em>, Vol 20. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 1–458.</p>
<p>Smith, R.M. (1990) <em>Alpinia</em> (Zingiberaceae): A proposed new infrageneric classification. <em>Edinburgh Journal of Botany</em> 47: 1–75. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960428600003140</p>
<p>Tong, S.Q. (1997) Zingiberaceae. <em>In</em>: Wu, Z.Y. (Ed.) <em>Flora Yunnanica</em>, Vol. 8. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 528–651.</p>
<p>Wu, C.Y. (1984) <em>Index Florae Yunnanensis</em>, Vol. 2. The People’s Publishing House, Kunming, 1188 pp.</p>
<p>Wu, T.L. & Chen, S.J. (1978) Materials for Chinese Zingiberaceae. <em>Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica</em> 16: 25–48.</p>
<p>Wu, T.L. & Chen, S.J. (1981) <em>Alpinia</em>. <em>In</em>: Wu, T.L. (Ed.) <em>Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae</em>, Vol. 16. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 110–135.</p>
<p>Wu, T.L. & Larsen, K. (2000) Zingiberaceae. <em>In</em>: Wu, Z.Y. & Raven, P.H. (Eds.) <em>Flora of China</em>, Vol. 24. Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Missouri, pp. 322–377.</p>
<p>Ye, X.E., Leong-Škorničková J., Bai, L. & Xia, N.H. (2021) Taxonomic studies on <em>Amomum</em> (Zingiberaceae) in China III: <em>Amomum fangdingii</em>, a new species from Guangxi. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 490 (3): 263–270. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.150.2109</p>
<p>Beentje, H. (2016) <em>The Kew plant glossary: An illustrated dictionary of plant terms</em>. 2nd ed. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, 184 pp.</p>
<p>Baker, J.G. (1892) <em>Alpinia</em>. <em>In</em>: Hooker, J.D. (Ed.) <em>The Flora of British India</em>, Vol. 6<em>.</em> L. Reeve & Co., London, pp. 252–257. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.678</p>
<p>Burkill, I.H. (1930) Cardamoms. <em>Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information</em> (Royal Gardens, Kew) 1930 (1): 37. https://doi.org/10.2307/4107597</p>
<p>De Boer, H., Newman, M., Poulsen, A.D., Droop, J., Fér, T., Lê, T.T.H., Hlavatá, K., Lamxay, V., Richardson, J.E., Steffen, K. & Leong-Škorničková, J. (2018) Convergent morphology in Alpinieae (Zingiberaceae): Recircumscribing <em>Amomum</em> as a monophyletic genus. <em>Taxon</em> 67: 6–36. https://doi.org/10.12705/671.2</p>
<p>Fedde, F. (1906) Novorum generum, specierum, varietatum, formarumque Siphonogamarum Index. Anni 1906 (mit Nachträgen aus den früheren Jahren). <em>Just’s Botanischer Jahresbericht</em> 34 (3): 1–241.</p>
<p>Gagnepain, F. (1906) Zingibéracées nouvelles de I’herbier du Muséum. <em>Bulletin de la Société botanique de France</em> 53: 133. https://doi.org/10.1080/00378941.1906.10831155</p>
<p>Gagnepain, F. (1908) Zingiberaceae. <em>In</em>: Lecomte (Ed.) <em>Flore générale de l’Indo-Chine</em>, Vol. 6<em>.</em> Masson & Cie, Paris, pp. 25–130. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.59355</p>
<p>Govaerts, R.M., Newman, M. & Lock, J.M. (2020) World Checklist of Zingiberaceae. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available from: http://wcsp.science.kew.org/ (accessed 29 December 2020)</p>
<p>Griffith, W. (1851) Scitamineae. <em>In</em>: Griffith, W. & McClelland, J. (Eds.) <em>Notulae ad Plantas Asiaticas</em>, Vol. 5. Bishop’s college Press, Calcutta, pp. 412–436.</p>
<p>Hộ, Phạm-Hoàng. (2000) <em>Cây Cỏ Việt Nam: An Illustrated Flora of Vietnam</em>, Vol. 3. Tp. Hồ Chiì Minh, NXB TreÒ, pp. 440–442.</p>
<p>Holttum, R.E. (1950) The Zingiberaceae of the Malay Peninsula. <em>Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore </em>13: 1–249.</p>
<p>IUCN (2019) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, version 14. IUCN Red List Unit, Cambridge U.K. Available from: http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf (accessed 1 October 2020)</p>
<p>Kress, W.J., Liu A., Newman, M. & Li, Q. (2005) The molecular phylogeny of <em>Alpinia</em> (Zingiberaceae): A complex and polyphyletic genus of gingers. <em>American Journal of Botany</em> 92: 167–178. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.92.1.167</p>
<p>Kress, W.J., Newman, M.F., Poulsen, A.D. & Specht, C. (2007) An analysis of generic circumscriptions in tribe Alpinieae (Alpinioideae: Zingiberaceae). <em>Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore </em>59: 113–128.</p>
<p>Larsen, K., Lock, J.M., Mass, H. & Mass P.J.M. (1998) Zingiberaceae. <em>In</em>: Kubitzki, K. (Ed.) <em>The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants</em>,<em> Vol. 4. Flowering plants monocotyledons: Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae)</em>, Springer, Berlin, pp. 474–495. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03531-3_49</p>
<p>Miquel, F.A.W. (1860) <em>Flora van Nederlandsch Indie, Eerste Bijvoegsel</em>, suppl. 1, Van der Post Jr. Utrecht, Amsterdam, Fleischer, Leipzig, 614 pp.</p>
<p> </p>
<p>Newman, M., Lhuillier, A. & Poulsen, A.D. (2004) <em>Checklist of the Zingiberaceae of Malesia</em>. Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Universiteit Leiden branch, 11 pp.</p>
<p>Newman, M., Ketphanh, S., Svengsuksa, B., Thomas, P., Sengdala, K., Lamxay, V. & Armstrong, K. (2007) <em>A Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Laos PDR.</em> Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edingburgh Scotland, UK, 361 pp.</p>
<p>Ramana, M.V., Tagore, J.K. & Bhattacharjee, A. (2012) Report of two medicinal and aromatic gingers from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. <em>Journal of Threatened Taxa</em> 4: 2582–2586.</p>
<p>Ridley, H.N. (1899) The Scitamineae of the Malay Peninsula. <em>Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society</em> 32: 85–184.</p>
<p>Roxburgh, W. (1810) Descriptions of several of the monandrous plants of India, belonging to the natural order called Scitamineae by Linnaeus, Cannae by Jussieu, and Drimyrhizae by Ventenat. <em>Asiatic Researches</em> 11: 318–362.</p>
<p>Schumann, K. (1899) Monographie der Zingiberaceae von Malaisien und Papuasien. <em>Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie</em> 27: 270–300.</p>
<p>Schumann, K. (1904) Zingiberaceae. <em>In</em>: Engler, H.G.A. (Ed.) <em>Das Pflanzenreich</em>, Vol 20. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 1–458.</p>
<p>Smith, R.M. (1990) <em>Alpinia</em> (Zingiberaceae): A proposed new infrageneric classification. <em>Edinburgh Journal of Botany</em> 47: 1–75. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960428600003140</p>
<p>Tong, S.Q. (1997) Zingiberaceae. <em>In</em>: Wu, Z.Y. (Ed.) <em>Flora Yunnanica</em>, Vol. 8. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 528–651.</p>
<p>Wu, C.Y. (1984) <em>Index Florae Yunnanensis</em>, Vol. 2. The People’s Publishing House, Kunming, 1188 pp.</p>
<p>Wu, T.L. & Chen, S.J. (1978) Materials for Chinese Zingiberaceae. <em>Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica</em> 16: 25–48.</p>
<p>Wu, T.L. & Chen, S.J. (1981) <em>Alpinia</em>. <em>In</em>: Wu, T.L. (Ed.) <em>Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae</em>, Vol. 16. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 110–135.</p>
<p>Wu, T.L. & Larsen, K. (2000) Zingiberaceae. <em>In</em>: Wu, Z.Y. & Raven, P.H. (Eds.) <em>Flora of China</em>, Vol. 24. Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Missouri, pp. 322–377.</p>
<p>Ye, X.E., Leong-Škorničková J., Bai, L. & Xia, N.H. (2021) Taxonomic studies on <em>Amomum</em> (Zingiberaceae) in China III: <em>Amomum fangdingii</em>, a new species from Guangxi. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 490 (3): 263–270. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.150.2109</p>