Abstract
Species of Clavaria (Clavariaceae, Agaricales) collected from China were studied using morphological and molecular methods. Two species, C. griseolilacina and C. sinensis were described as new species; both possess branched and pale purple-tinged fruit bodies. However, the former possess a few branched, while the latter is profusely branched. The phylogenetic analysis based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences confirmed the distinctions between these two new species and their close relationships with C. rubicundula and C. fumosa in the genus. An evolutionary tendency in genus Clavaria was discussed. Additionally, morphological features of the two new species were described in detail and were illustrated with line drawings and photographs. Holotypes of the new species are deposited in the Mycological Herbarium of Hunan Normal University (MHHNU). The ITS sequences generated in this study were deposited in GenBank. A key is provided for the known Clavaria species in China.
References
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<a href="https://doi.org/10.3852/12-070">https://doi.org/10.3852/12-070</a>
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Chen, Z.H. & Zhang, P. (2019) Atlas of Macrofungi in Hunan. Hunan Normal University Press, Changsha, 425 pp.
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<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0007-1536(67)80061-5">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0007-1536(67)80061-5</a>
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Olariaga, I., Sakcedo, I. (2013) New combinations and notes in clavarioid fungi. Mycotaxon 121: 37–44.
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Olariaga, I., Salcedo, I., Daniëls, P.P., Spooner, B. & Kautmanová, I. (2015) Taxonomy and phylogeny of yellow Clavaria species with clamped basidia?Clavaria flavostellifera sp. nov. and the typification of C. argillacea, C. flavipes and C. sphagnicola. Mycologia 107: 104–122.
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Petersen, R.H. (1988) The clavarioid fungi of New Zealand. DSIR Science Information Publishing, Wellington, New Zealand, 170 pp.
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Stamatakis, A. (2006) RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihoodbased phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. Bioinformatics 22: 2688–2690.
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Swartz, O. (1811) Kongl. Vetenskaps Academiens nya handlingar. Johan Georg Lange, Stockholm, 298 pp.
Swofford, D.L. (2002) PAUP*: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods) Version 4. Sinauer Associates, Massachusetts.
Tai, F.L. (1979) Sylloge Fungorum Sinicorum. Science Press, Beijing, China, 1527 pp.
Vaillant, S. (1727) Botanicon Parisiense, ou Dénombrement par Ordre Alphabétique des Plantes, qui se Trouvent dans les Environs de Paris. Leiden, Amsterdam: J. & H. Verbeek.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.738">https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.738</a>
Vilgalys, R. & Hester, M. (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. Journal of Bacteriology 172: 4238–4246.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.172.8.4238-4246.1990">https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.172.8.4238-4246.1990</a>
White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. & White, T.J. (Eds.) PCR Protocols: A guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 315–322.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1">https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1</a>
Wu, C.L., He, Y., Yan, J. & Zhang, P. (2019) Two new species of Clavulina (Cantharellales) from southwestern China based on morphological and molecular evidence. Mycological Progress 18: 1071–1078.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-019-01506-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-019-01506-1</a>
<a href="https://doi.org/10.3852/12-070">https://doi.org/10.3852/12-070</a>
Birkebak, J.M., Adam?ík, S., Looney, B.P. & Matheny, P.B. (2016) Multilocus phylogenetic reconstruction of the Clavariaceae (Agaricales) reveals polyphyly of agaricoid members. Mycologia 108: 860?868.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.3852/15-370">https://doi.org/10.3852/15-370</a>
Chen, Z.H. & Zhang, P. (2019) Atlas of Macrofungi in Hunan. Hunan Normal University Press, Changsha, 425 pp.
Chevallier, F.F. (1826) Flore Générale des environs de Paris 1. Ferra Jeune, Paris, France, 759 pp.
Coker, W.C. (1923) The Clavarias of the United States and Canada. The University of North Carolina Press, North Carolina, 206 pp.
Corner, E.J.H. (1950) A monograph of Clavaria and allied genera. Oxford University press, London, UK, 740 pp.
Corner, E.J.H. (1967) Notes on Clavaira. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 50 (1): 33?44.
<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0007-1536(67)80061-5">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0007-1536(67)80061-5</a>
Corner, E.J.H. (1970) Supplement to “A monograph of Clavaria and allied genera”. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 33: 1?299.
Dentinger, B.T.M. & McLaughlin, D.J. (2006) Reconstructing the Clavariaceae using nuclear large subunit rDNA sequences and a new genus segregated from Clavaria. Mycologia 98 (5): 746?762.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2006.11832646">https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2006.11832646</a>
Doyle, J.J. & Doyle, J.L. (1987) A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue. Phytochem Bull 19: 11?15.
Edgar, R.C. (2004) MUSCLE: a multiple sequence alignment method with reduced time and space complexity. BMC Bioinf 5: 113.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-5-113">https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-5-113</a>
Fries, E.M. (1821) Systema mycologium. I. Sistens fungorum ordines, genera et species huc usque cognitas, quas ad normam methodi naturalis. Gryphiswaldiae (Greifswald), 825 pp.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.5378">https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.5378</a>
Furtado, A.N.M., Daniëls, P.P. & Neves, M.A. (2016) New species and new records of Clavariaceae (Agaricales) from Brazil. Phytotaxa 253 (1): 1?26.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.253.1.1">https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.253.1.1</a>
Gardes, M. & Bruns, T.D. (1993) ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes-application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Mol Ecol 2: 113–118.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1993.tb00005.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1993.tb00005.x</a>
Gibbs, L.S. (1917) A Contribution to the Phytogeography and Flora of the Arfak Mountains. Taylor and Francis, London, 226 pp.
<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.894">http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.894</a>
Kautmanová, I., Tomšovský, M., Dueñas, M. & Martín, M.P. (2012) European species of Clavaria (Agaricales, Agaricomycetes) with dark basidiomata?a morphological and molecular study. Persoonia 29: 133?145.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.3767/003158512x661543">https://doi.org/10.3767/003158512x661543</a>
Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P.F., Minter, D.W. & Stalpers, J.A. (2008) Ainsworth & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi. 10th ed. CAB International Press, Wallingford, Oxon, UK, 783 pp.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851998268.0000">https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851998268.0000</a>
Kornerup, A. & Wanscher, J.H. (1978) Methuen handbook of colour. 3rd ed. Fyre Methuen, London, 252 pp.
Lazo, W. (1972) Some Clavariaceae from Chile. Mycologia 64 (1?6): 73?80.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1972.12019236">https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1972.12019236</a>
Leathers, C.R. (1956) New species and varieties of Clavaria from Michigan. Mycologia 48 (1–6): 278?287.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1956.12024532">https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1956.12024532</a>
Léveillé, J.H. (1846) Descriptions des champignons de l’herbier du Muséum de Paris. Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique 5: 111–167.
Liu, L.N., Wu, L., Chen, Z.H., Bau, T. & Zhang, P. (2017) The species of Lentaria (Gomphales, Basidiomycota) from China based on morphological and molecular evidence. Mycological Progress 16: 605–612.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-017-1284-2">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-017-1284-2</a>
Moncalvo, J.M., Vilgalys, R., Redhead, S.A., Johnson, J.E., James, T.Y., Aime, M.C., Hofstetter, V., Verduin, S.J.W., Larssion, E., Baroni, T.J., Thorn, R.G., Jacobsson, S., Clémençon, H. & Miller, O.K. (2002) One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 23: 357?400.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00027-1">https://doi.org/10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00027-1</a>
Olariaga, I., Sakcedo, I. (2013) New combinations and notes in clavarioid fungi. Mycotaxon 121: 37–44.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.5248/121.37">https://doi.org/10.5248/121.37</a>
Olariaga, I., Salcedo, I., Daniëls, P.P., Spooner, B. & Kautmanová, I. (2015) Taxonomy and phylogeny of yellow Clavaria species with clamped basidia?Clavaria flavostellifera sp. nov. and the typification of C. argillacea, C. flavipes and C. sphagnicola. Mycologia 107: 104–122.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.3852/13-315">https://doi.org/10.3852/13-315</a>
Persoon, C.H. (1796) Observationes mycologicae - descriptiones tam novorum, quam notabilium fungorum exhibitae. Lipsiae, 116 pp.
Persoon, C.H. (1797) Commentatio de Fungis Clavaeformibus. Lipsiae, 125 pp.
Petersen, J.H., Davey, M.L. & Læssøe, T. (2014) Hirticlavula elegans, a new clavarioid fungus from Scandinavia. Karstenia 54: 1?8.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.29203/ka.2014.459">https://doi.org/10.29203/ka.2014.459</a>
Petersen, R.H. (1978) The Genus Clavaria in South-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 26: 415?424.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1071/BT9780415">https://doi.org/10.1071/BT9780415</a>
Petersen, R.H. (1988) The clavarioid fungi of New Zealand. DSIR Science Information Publishing, Wellington, New Zealand, 170 pp.
Pine, E.M. & Donoghue, H.M.J. (1999) Phylogenetic relationships of cantharelloid and clavarioid Homobasidiomycetes based on mitochondrial and nuclear rDNA sequences. Mycologia 91: 944?963.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1999.12061105">https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1999.12061105</a>
Rambaut, A. (2012) FigTree v1. 4. University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
<a href="http://tree">http://tree</a> bio ed ac uk/software/figtree
Ridgway, R. (1912) Color standards and color nomenclature. Published by the author, Washington.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.144788">https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.144788</a>
Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2003) MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19: 1572–1574.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180">https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180</a>
Sowerby J. (1803) Coloured Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms. J. Davis, London, 418 pp.
Stamatakis, A., Ludwig, T. & Meier, H. (2005) RAxML-III: a fast program for maximum likelihood-based inference of large phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 21: 456–463.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bti191">https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bti191</a>
Stamatakis, A. (2006) RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihoodbased phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. Bioinformatics 22: 2688–2690.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl446">https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl446</a>
Stamatakis, A., Hoover, P. & Rougemont, J. (2008) A rapid bootstrap algorithm for the raxml web servers. Systematic Biology 57: 758.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150802429642">https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150802429642</a>
Swartz, O. (1811) Kongl. Vetenskaps Academiens nya handlingar. Johan Georg Lange, Stockholm, 298 pp.
Swofford, D.L. (2002) PAUP*: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods) Version 4. Sinauer Associates, Massachusetts.
Tai, F.L. (1979) Sylloge Fungorum Sinicorum. Science Press, Beijing, China, 1527 pp.
Vaillant, S. (1727) Botanicon Parisiense, ou Dénombrement par Ordre Alphabétique des Plantes, qui se Trouvent dans les Environs de Paris. Leiden, Amsterdam: J. & H. Verbeek.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.738">https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.738</a>
Vilgalys, R. & Hester, M. (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. Journal of Bacteriology 172: 4238–4246.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.172.8.4238-4246.1990">https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.172.8.4238-4246.1990</a>
White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. & White, T.J. (Eds.) PCR Protocols: A guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 315–322.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1">https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1</a>
Wu, C.L., He, Y., Yan, J. & Zhang, P. (2019) Two new species of Clavulina (Cantharellales) from southwestern China based on morphological and molecular evidence. Mycological Progress 18: 1071–1078.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-019-01506-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-019-01506-1</a>