Abstract
Observation of sand samples collected from an estuarine sandy beach in Southern China revealed the presence of a new biraphid diatom. It is characterized by the presence of a twisted raphe system, apically elongate areolae, and striae interrupted by longitudinal H-shaped lateral areas in a form of valve face depressions, as well as girdle composed of open, plain copulae. The structure of valve outline, the raphe sternum and striae bears some resemblance to some established genera including e.g., Lyrella, Fallacia, Scolioneis, Scoliopleura and Scoliotropis, however, these characters are uniquely combined in this novel taxon. The new species, Scoliolyra elliptica, belongs to a new biraphid genus, Scoliolyra, and it is tentatively placed within the family Scolioneidaceae.
References
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<a href="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.64045">https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.64045</a>
Cleve, P.T. (1894) Synopsis of the naviculoid diatoms. Part I. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar Series 4 26 (2): 1–194.
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Cox, E.J. (2015) Diatoms, Diatomeae (Bacillariophyceae s.l., Bacillariophyta). In: Frey, W. (Ed.) Syllabus of plant families. Adolf Engler’s Syllabus of Plant Families, 13. pp. 64–103.
Garcia, M. (2003) Observations on the diatom genus Fallacia (Bacillariophyta) from southern Brazilian sandy beaches. Nova Hedwigia 77: 3–4.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1127/0029-5035/2003/0077-0309">https://doi.org/10.1127/0029-5035/2003/0077-0309</a>
Giffen, M.H. (1970) New and interesting marine and littoral diatoms from Sea Point, near Cape Town, South Africa. Botanica Marina 13 (2): 87–99.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/botm.1970.13.2.81">https://doi.org/10.1515/botm.1970.13.2.81</a>
Grunow, A. (1860) Über neue oder ungenügend gekannte Algen. Erste Folge, Diatomeen, Familie Naviculaceen. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wein 10: 503–582
Grunow, A. (1863) Über einige neue und ungenugend bekkante Arten und Gattungen von Diatomaceen. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 13: 137–162.
Johansen, J.R. & Sray, J.C. (1998) Microcostatus gen. nov., a new aerophilic diatoms genus based on Navicula krasskei Hustedt. Diatom Res 13: 93–101.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1998.9705436">https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1998.9705436</a>
Karayeva, N.I. (1978) New genus of the family Naviculaceae West. Botanicheskii Zhurnal 63 (11): 1593–1596.
Kemp, K.-D. & Paddock, T.B.B. (1990) A description of two new species of the diatom genus Mastogloia with further observations on M. amoyensis and M. gieskesii. Diatom Research 5 (2): 311–323.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1990.9705122">https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1990.9705122</a>
Klochkova, T.A., Pisareva, N.A., Park, J.S., Lee, J. H., Han, J.W., Klochkova, N.G. & Kim, G.H. (2014) An endophytic diatom, Pseudogomphonema sp. (Naviculaceae, Bacillariophyceae), lives inside the red alga Neoabbottiella (Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta), Phycologia 53: 205–214.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.2216/13-229.1">https://doi.org/10.2216/13-229.1</a>
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<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1986.9704974">https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1986.9704974</a>
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<a href="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.64360">https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.64360</a>
Lange-Bertalot, H., Metzeltin, D. & Witkowski, A. (1996) Hippodonta gen. nov. Umschreibung und Begründung einer neuen Gattung der Naviculaceae. Iconographia Diatomologica 4: 247–274.
Li, Y.H., Suzuki H., Nagumo, T., Tanaka, J., Sun, Z.M. & Xu, K.D. (2015) Fallacia decussata, sp. nov.: a new marine benthic diatom (Bacillariophyceae) from Northeast Asia. Phytotaxa 224 (3): 258–266.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.224.3.4">https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.224.3.4</a>
Li, Y., Suzuki H., Nagumo, T., Tanaka, J., Sun, Z.M. & Xu, K.D. (2019) Three new species of Fallacia from intertidal sediments in Japan. Diatom Res 34: 75–83.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2019.1606855">https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2019.1606855</a>
Liu, Y., Kociolek, J.P., Fan, Y.W. & Wang, Q.X. (2012) Pseudofallacia gen. nov., a new freshwater diatom (Bacillariophyceae) genus based on Navicula occulta Krasske. Phycologia 51: 620–626.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.2216/11-098.1">https://doi.org/10.2216/11-098.1</a>
Lobban C.S. (2015) A second species of Microtabella (Grammatophoraceae, Bacillariophyta) from Guam. Marine Biodiversity Records 8: e151.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755267215001293">https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755267215001293</a>
Mann, D.G. & Stickle, A.J. (1997) Sporadic evolution of dorsiventrality in raphid diatoms, with special reference to Lyrella amphoroides sp. nov. Nova Hedwigia 65 (1–4): 59–78.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1127/nova.hedwigia/65/1997/59">https://doi.org/10.1127/nova.hedwigia/65/1997/59</a>
Medlin, L.K. (1985) A reappraisal of the diatom genus Rhoiconeis and the description of Campylopyxis, gen. nov.. British Phycological Journal 20: 313–328.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00071618500650321">https://doi.org/10.1080/00071618500650321</a>
Medlin, L.K. (1991) Evidence for parallel evolution of frustule shape in two lines of pennate diatoms from the epiphyton. Diatom Research 6: 109–124.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1991.9705150">https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1991.9705150</a>
Medlin, L.K. & Round, F.E. (1986) Taxonomic studies of marine gomphonemoid diatoms. Diatom Research 1 (2): 205–225.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1986.9704970">https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1986.9704970</a>
Meleder, V., Rince, Y., Barille, L., Gaudin, P. & Rosa, P. (2007) Spatiotemporal changes in microphytobenthos assemblages in a macrotidal flat (Bourgneuf Bay, France). Journal of Phycology 43: 1177–1190.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2007.00423.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2007.00423.x</a>
Nevrova, E., Witkowski, A., Kulikovskiy, M., Lange-Bertalot, H. & Kociolek, J.P. (2013) A revision of the diatom genus Lyrella Karayeva (Bacillariophyta: Lyrellaceae) from the Black Sea, with descriptions of five new species. Phytotaxa 83: 1–38.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.83.1.1">https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.83.1.1</a>
Pavlov, A., Levkov, Z., Williams, D.M. & Edlund, M.B. (2013) Observations on Hippodonta (Bacillariophyceae) in selected ancient lakes. Phytotaxa 90: 1–53.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.90.1.1">https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.90.1.1</a>
Radhakrishnan, C., Pardhi, S, Kulikovskiy, M., Kociolek, J.P. & Karthick, B. (2020) Navicula watveae sp. nov. (Bacillariophyceae) a new diatom speces from the western Ghats, India. Phytotaxa 433 (1): 20–26.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.433.1.3">https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.433.1.3</a>
Ross, R., Cox, E.J., Karayeva, N.I., Mann, D.G., Paddock, T.B.B., Simonsen, R. & Sims, PA. (1979) An amended terminology for the siliceous components of the diatom cell. Nova Hedwigia Beiheft 64: 511–533.
Round, F.E., Crawford, R.M. & Mann, D.G. (1990) The diatoms. biology and morphology of the genera. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Sabbe, K., Vyverman, W. & Muylaert, K. (1999) New and little-known Fallacia species (Bacillariophyta) from brackish and marine intertidal sandy sediments in Northwest Europe and North America. Phycologia 38: 8–22.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.2216/i0031-8884-38-1-8.1">https://doi.org/10.2216/i0031-8884-38-1-8.1</a>
Schrader, H.-J. (1969) Die Pennaten Diatomeen aus dem Obereozän von Oamaru, Neuseeland. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 28: 1–163.
Simonsen, R. (1974) The diatom plankton of the Indian Ocean Expedition of R/V Meteor 1964–1965. “Meteor” Forschungsergebnisse, Reihe D: Biologie 19: 1–107.
Siqueiros-Beltrones, D.A., Argumedo-Hernandez, U. & Lopez-Fuerte, F.O. (2017) New records and combinations of Lyrella (Bacillariophyceae: Lyrellales) from a protected coastal lagoon of the northwestern Mexican Pacific. Revista Mexicana De Biodiversidad 88: 1–20.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmb.2017.01.017">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmb.2017.01.017</a>
Stancheva, R. & Manoylov, K.M. (2018) Fallacia californica sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta), a new freshwater diatom species from streams in California, USA. Phytotaxa 345 (2): 104–118.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.345.2.2">https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.345.2.2</a>
Sterrenburg, F.A.S., Tiffany, M.A., Hinz, F., Herwig, W.E. & Hargraves, P.E. (2015) Seven new species expand the morphological spectrum of Haslea. A comparison with Gyrosigma and Pleurosigma (Bacillariophyta). Phytotaxa 207 (2): 143–162.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.207.2.1">https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.207.2.1</a>
Witkowski, A., Barka, F., Mann, D.G., Li, C.L., Weisenborn, J.L.F., Ashworth, M.P., Kurzydlowski, K.J., Zglobicka, I. & Dobosz, S. (2014) A Description of Biremis panamae sp. nov., a New Diatom Species from the Marine Littoral, with an Account of the Phylogenetic Position of Biremis D.G. Mann et E.J. Cox (Bacillariophyceae). Plos One 9 (12): e114508.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0114508">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0114508</a>
Witkowski, A., Lange-Bertalot, H. & Metzeltin, D. (2000) Diatom flora of marine coasts I. Iconographia Diatomologica 7: 1–925.
Zhao, L., Sun, J.D., Gao, Y.H., Liang, J.R., Sun, L., Li, X.S. & Chen, C.P. (2017) Hippodonta fujiannensis sp. nov. (Bacillariophyceae), a new epipsammic diatom from the low intertidal zone, Fujian Province, China. Phytotaxa 295 (1): 77–85.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.1.7">https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.295.1.7</a>
Van de Vijver, B., Ector, L., Myriam de Haan & Zidarova, R. (2010) The genus Microcostatus in the Antarctic Region. Diatom Research 25 (2): 417–429.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2010.9705860">https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2010.9705860</a>
<a href="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.64045">https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.64045</a>
Cleve, P.T. (1894) Synopsis of the naviculoid diatoms. Part I. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar Series 4 26 (2): 1–194.
Cox, E.J. & Ross, R. (1981) The striae of pennate diatoms. In: Ross, R. (Ed.) Proceedings of the sixth symposium on recent and fossil diatoms. Otto Koeltz Science Publishers, Koenigstein, pp. 267–278.
Cox, E.J. (2015) Diatoms, Diatomeae (Bacillariophyceae s.l., Bacillariophyta). In: Frey, W. (Ed.) Syllabus of plant families. Adolf Engler’s Syllabus of Plant Families, 13. pp. 64–103.
Garcia, M. (2003) Observations on the diatom genus Fallacia (Bacillariophyta) from southern Brazilian sandy beaches. Nova Hedwigia 77: 3–4.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1127/0029-5035/2003/0077-0309">https://doi.org/10.1127/0029-5035/2003/0077-0309</a>
Giffen, M.H. (1970) New and interesting marine and littoral diatoms from Sea Point, near Cape Town, South Africa. Botanica Marina 13 (2): 87–99.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/botm.1970.13.2.81">https://doi.org/10.1515/botm.1970.13.2.81</a>
Grunow, A. (1860) Über neue oder ungenügend gekannte Algen. Erste Folge, Diatomeen, Familie Naviculaceen. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wein 10: 503–582
Grunow, A. (1863) Über einige neue und ungenugend bekkante Arten und Gattungen von Diatomaceen. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 13: 137–162.
Johansen, J.R. & Sray, J.C. (1998) Microcostatus gen. nov., a new aerophilic diatoms genus based on Navicula krasskei Hustedt. Diatom Res 13: 93–101.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1998.9705436">https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1998.9705436</a>
Karayeva, N.I. (1978) New genus of the family Naviculaceae West. Botanicheskii Zhurnal 63 (11): 1593–1596.
Kemp, K.-D. & Paddock, T.B.B. (1990) A description of two new species of the diatom genus Mastogloia with further observations on M. amoyensis and M. gieskesii. Diatom Research 5 (2): 311–323.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1990.9705122">https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1990.9705122</a>
Klochkova, T.A., Pisareva, N.A., Park, J.S., Lee, J. H., Han, J.W., Klochkova, N.G. & Kim, G.H. (2014) An endophytic diatom, Pseudogomphonema sp. (Naviculaceae, Bacillariophyceae), lives inside the red alga Neoabbottiella (Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta), Phycologia 53: 205–214.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.2216/13-229.1">https://doi.org/10.2216/13-229.1</a>
Krammer, K. & Lange-Bertalot, H. (1986) Bacillariophyceae, Teil 1: Naviculaceae, In: Ettl, H., Gerloff, J., Heynig, H. & Mollenhauser, D. (Eds.) Su?wasserflora von Mitteleuropa, 2/1. Gustav Fisher Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, pp. 1–876.
Kristina, S., Linda, K. & Medlin (1986) A light and electron microscopic study of the epipsammic diatom Catenula adhaerens Mereschkowsky. Diatom Research 1 (2): 283–290.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1986.9704974">https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1986.9704974</a>
Kützing, F.T. (1844) Die Kieselschaligen Bacillarien oder Diatomeen. Nordhausen,Zu finden bei W. Köhne, pp. 1–152.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.64360">https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.64360</a>
Lange-Bertalot, H., Metzeltin, D. & Witkowski, A. (1996) Hippodonta gen. nov. Umschreibung und Begründung einer neuen Gattung der Naviculaceae. Iconographia Diatomologica 4: 247–274.
Li, Y.H., Suzuki H., Nagumo, T., Tanaka, J., Sun, Z.M. & Xu, K.D. (2015) Fallacia decussata, sp. nov.: a new marine benthic diatom (Bacillariophyceae) from Northeast Asia. Phytotaxa 224 (3): 258–266.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.224.3.4">https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.224.3.4</a>
Li, Y., Suzuki H., Nagumo, T., Tanaka, J., Sun, Z.M. & Xu, K.D. (2019) Three new species of Fallacia from intertidal sediments in Japan. Diatom Res 34: 75–83.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2019.1606855">https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2019.1606855</a>
Liu, Y., Kociolek, J.P., Fan, Y.W. & Wang, Q.X. (2012) Pseudofallacia gen. nov., a new freshwater diatom (Bacillariophyceae) genus based on Navicula occulta Krasske. Phycologia 51: 620–626.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.2216/11-098.1">https://doi.org/10.2216/11-098.1</a>
Lobban C.S. (2015) A second species of Microtabella (Grammatophoraceae, Bacillariophyta) from Guam. Marine Biodiversity Records 8: e151.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755267215001293">https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755267215001293</a>
Mann, D.G. & Stickle, A.J. (1997) Sporadic evolution of dorsiventrality in raphid diatoms, with special reference to Lyrella amphoroides sp. nov. Nova Hedwigia 65 (1–4): 59–78.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1127/nova.hedwigia/65/1997/59">https://doi.org/10.1127/nova.hedwigia/65/1997/59</a>
Medlin, L.K. (1985) A reappraisal of the diatom genus Rhoiconeis and the description of Campylopyxis, gen. nov.. British Phycological Journal 20: 313–328.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00071618500650321">https://doi.org/10.1080/00071618500650321</a>
Medlin, L.K. (1991) Evidence for parallel evolution of frustule shape in two lines of pennate diatoms from the epiphyton. Diatom Research 6: 109–124.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1991.9705150">https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1991.9705150</a>
Medlin, L.K. & Round, F.E. (1986) Taxonomic studies of marine gomphonemoid diatoms. Diatom Research 1 (2): 205–225.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1986.9704970">https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.1986.9704970</a>
Meleder, V., Rince, Y., Barille, L., Gaudin, P. & Rosa, P. (2007) Spatiotemporal changes in microphytobenthos assemblages in a macrotidal flat (Bourgneuf Bay, France). Journal of Phycology 43: 1177–1190.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2007.00423.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2007.00423.x</a>
Nevrova, E., Witkowski, A., Kulikovskiy, M., Lange-Bertalot, H. & Kociolek, J.P. (2013) A revision of the diatom genus Lyrella Karayeva (Bacillariophyta: Lyrellaceae) from the Black Sea, with descriptions of five new species. Phytotaxa 83: 1–38.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.83.1.1">https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.83.1.1</a>
Pavlov, A., Levkov, Z., Williams, D.M. & Edlund, M.B. (2013) Observations on Hippodonta (Bacillariophyceae) in selected ancient lakes. Phytotaxa 90: 1–53.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.90.1.1">https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.90.1.1</a>
Radhakrishnan, C., Pardhi, S, Kulikovskiy, M., Kociolek, J.P. & Karthick, B. (2020) Navicula watveae sp. nov. (Bacillariophyceae) a new diatom speces from the western Ghats, India. Phytotaxa 433 (1): 20–26.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.433.1.3">https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.433.1.3</a>
Ross, R., Cox, E.J., Karayeva, N.I., Mann, D.G., Paddock, T.B.B., Simonsen, R. & Sims, PA. (1979) An amended terminology for the siliceous components of the diatom cell. Nova Hedwigia Beiheft 64: 511–533.
Round, F.E., Crawford, R.M. & Mann, D.G. (1990) The diatoms. biology and morphology of the genera. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Sabbe, K., Vyverman, W. & Muylaert, K. (1999) New and little-known Fallacia species (Bacillariophyta) from brackish and marine intertidal sandy sediments in Northwest Europe and North America. Phycologia 38: 8–22.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.2216/i0031-8884-38-1-8.1">https://doi.org/10.2216/i0031-8884-38-1-8.1</a>
Schrader, H.-J. (1969) Die Pennaten Diatomeen aus dem Obereozän von Oamaru, Neuseeland. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 28: 1–163.
Simonsen, R. (1974) The diatom plankton of the Indian Ocean Expedition of R/V Meteor 1964–1965. “Meteor” Forschungsergebnisse, Reihe D: Biologie 19: 1–107.
Siqueiros-Beltrones, D.A., Argumedo-Hernandez, U. & Lopez-Fuerte, F.O. (2017) New records and combinations of Lyrella (Bacillariophyceae: Lyrellales) from a protected coastal lagoon of the northwestern Mexican Pacific. Revista Mexicana De Biodiversidad 88: 1–20.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmb.2017.01.017">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmb.2017.01.017</a>
Stancheva, R. & Manoylov, K.M. (2018) Fallacia californica sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta), a new freshwater diatom species from streams in California, USA. Phytotaxa 345 (2): 104–118.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.345.2.2">https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.345.2.2</a>
Sterrenburg, F.A.S., Tiffany, M.A., Hinz, F., Herwig, W.E. & Hargraves, P.E. (2015) Seven new species expand the morphological spectrum of Haslea. A comparison with Gyrosigma and Pleurosigma (Bacillariophyta). Phytotaxa 207 (2): 143–162.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.207.2.1">https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.207.2.1</a>
Witkowski, A., Barka, F., Mann, D.G., Li, C.L., Weisenborn, J.L.F., Ashworth, M.P., Kurzydlowski, K.J., Zglobicka, I. & Dobosz, S. (2014) A Description of Biremis panamae sp. nov., a New Diatom Species from the Marine Littoral, with an Account of the Phylogenetic Position of Biremis D.G. Mann et E.J. Cox (Bacillariophyceae). Plos One 9 (12): e114508.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0114508">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0114508</a>
Witkowski, A., Lange-Bertalot, H. & Metzeltin, D. (2000) Diatom flora of marine coasts I. Iconographia Diatomologica 7: 1–925.
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