Abstract
Thelephora austrosinensis is described as a new species from southern China. Morphologically, it is closely related to T. ganbajun and T. vialis but is distinguished by its relatively smaller basidiomata with a thinner and more serrate or lobed margin, obviously longitudinally rugulose hymenial surface, and habitat in the broad-leaved forests. Based on the molecular phylogenetic analyses, sequences of the new species form a distinct clade which is close to T. ganbajun and T. vialis. Detailed morphological descriptions, colour photographs of the new species and comparisons with similar taxa are presented.
References
<p class="Reference">Ashkannejhad, S. & Horton, T.R. (2010) Ectomycorrhizal ecology under primary succession on coastal sand dunes: interactions involving <em>Pinus contorta</em>, suilloid fungi and deer. <em>New Phytologist</em> 169 (2): 345–354.</p><p class="Reference"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01593.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01593.x</a></p><p class="Reference">Bi, Z.S., Zheng, G.Y. & Li, T.H. (1993) <em>The Macrofungus Flora of China’s Guangdong Province. </em>Chinese University Press, Hong Kong, 734 pp.</p><p class="Reference">Burt, E.A. (1966) <em>The Thelephoraceae of North America I-XV</em>. Hafner Publishing Company, Inc., New York and London, pp. 199–229.</p><p class="Reference">Cai, C.S., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y.S. & Zhao, G.Z. (2017) A new distribution of <em>Thelephora ganbajun</em> Zang in Wuyi Mountain, Fujian, China. <em>Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (Natural Science Edition) </em>46 (6): 692–696.</p><p class="Reference"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.13323/j.cnki.j.fafu(nat.sci.).2017.06.015">https://doi.org/10.13323/j.cnki.j.fafu(nat.sci.).2017.06.015</a></p><p class="Reference">Corner, E.J.H. (1966) Clavarioid genera and <em>Thelephora</em> from the Congo. <em>Bulletin du Jardin botanique de l’État a Bruxelles</em> 36: 257–279.</p><p class="Reference"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307/3667188">https://doi.org/10.2307/3667188</a></p><p class="Reference">Corner, E.J.H. (1968) A monograph of <em>Thelephora</em> (Basidiomycetes). <em>Nova Hedwigia</em> 27: 1–110.</p><p class="Reference">Cunningham, G.H. (1963) <em>The Thelephoraceae of Australia and New Zealand</em>. New Zealand Department of Science and Industrial Research, New Zealand, pp. 228–239.</p><p class="Reference">Dai, Y.C., Wei, Y.L. & Zhang, X.Q. (2004) An annotated checklist of non-poroid Aphyllophorales in China. <em>Annales Botanici Fennici </em>41: 233–247.</p><p class="Reference">Hall, B.G. (2013) Building phylogenetic trees from molecular data with MEGA. <em>Molecular Biology & Evolution</em> 30 (5): 1229.</p><p class="Reference"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst012">https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst012</a></p><p class="Reference">Hall, T.A. (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. <em>Nucleic Acids Symposium Series </em>41: 95–98.</p><p class="Reference">Kernaghan, G., Sigler, L. & Khasa, D. (2003) Mycorrhizal and root endophytic fungi of containerized <em>Picea glauca</em> seedlings assessed by rDNA sequence analysis. <em>Microbial Ecology</em> 45 (2):128–136.</p><p class="Reference"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-002-1024-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-002-1024-1</a></p><p class="Reference">Kirk, P.M., Cannon, P. & Stalpers, J. (Eds.) (2008) <em>Dictionary of the Fungi</em>, <em>10th edn</em>. CABI, Wallingford, 686 pp.</p><p class="Reference">Klavina, D., Gaitnieks, T. & Menkis, A. (2013) Survival, growth and ectomycorrhizal community development of of container-and bare-root grown <em>Pinus sylvestris</em> and <em>Picea abies</em> seedlings outplanted on a forest clear-cut. <em>Baltic Forestry</em> 19 (1): 39–49.</p><p class="Reference">Kornerup, A. & Wanscher, J.H. (1978) <em>Methuen Handbook of Colour</em>. <em>3rd edn.</em> Eyre Methuen, London, 196–265 pp.</p><p class="Reference">Kõljalg, U. (1996) <em>Tomentella</em> (Basidiomycota) and related genera in temperate Eurasia. <em>Synopsis Fungorum</em> 9: 1–213.</p><p class="Reference">Kõljalg, U., Dahlberg, A., Taylor, A.F., Larsson, E., Hallenberg, N., Stenlid, J., Larsson, K.H., Fransson, P.M., Kårén, O. & Jonsson, L. (2000) Diversity and abundance of resupinate thelephoroid fungi as ectomycorrhizal symbionts in Swedish boreal forests. <em>Molecular Ecology</em> 9 (12): 1985–1996.</p><p class="Reference"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2000.01105.x">https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2000.01105.x</a></p><p class="Reference">Larsson, K.H., Larsson, E. & Kõljalg, U. (2004) High phylogenetic diversity among corticioid homobasidiomycetes. <em>Mycological Research</em> 108: 983–1002.</p><p class="Reference"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0953756204000851">https://doi.org/10.1017/S0953756204000851</a></p><p class="Reference">Lee, S.S., Thi, B.K. & Patahayah, M. (2010) An ectomycorrhizal thelephoroid fungus of Malaysian dipterocarp seedlings. <em>Journal of Tropical Forest Science</em> 22 (4): 355–363.</p><p class="Reference">Li, T., Li, T.H., Wang, C.Q., Deng, W.Q. & Song, B. (2017) <em>Gerhardtia sinensis </em>(Agaricales, Lyophyllaceae), a new species and a newly recorded genus for China. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 332 (2): 172–180.</p><p class="Reference"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.332.2.4">https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.332.2.4</a></p><p class="Reference">Li, Y., Li, T.H., Yang, Z.L., Bau, T. & Dai, Y.C. (2015) <em>Atlas of Chinese Macrofungal Resources</em>. Central China Farmers Publishing House, Zhengzhou, 654 pp.</p><p class="Reference">Lloyd, C.G. (1916) Mycological Notes 43. <em>Mycological Writings</em> 5 (43): 597.</p><p class="Reference">Mühlmann, O., Bacher, M. & Peintner, U. (2008) <em>Polygonum viviparum</em> mycobionts on an alpine primary successional glacier forefront. <em>Mycorrhiza</em> 18 (2): 87–95.</p><p class="Reference"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-007-0156-z">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-007-0156-z</a></p><p class="Reference">Murrill, W.A. (1910) Family 7. Agaricaceae. <em>North American Flora</em> 9 (3): 163–200.</p><p class="Reference">Nygren, C.M., Eberhardt, U., Karlsson, M., Parrent, J.L., Lindahl, B.D. & Taylor, A.F. (2008) Growth on nitrate and occurrence of nitrate reductase-encoding genes in a phylogenetically diverse range of ectomycorrhizal fungi. <em>New Phytologist</em> 180 (4): 875–889.</p><p class="Reference"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02618.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02618.x</a></p><p class="Reference">Patouillard, N. (1887) <em>Les Hyménomycètes d’Europe</em>. Paul Klincksieck, Paris, 166 pp.</p><p class="Reference">Qin, W.M., Dai, Y.C. & Wu, X.L. (2009) <em>Thelephora caryophyllea-</em>a corticioid fungus new to China. <em>Guizhou science</em> 27 (1): 19–21.</p><p class="Reference">Ramírez-López, I., Villegas-Ríos, M. & Salas-Lizana, R. (2015) <em>Thelephora versatilis</em> and <em>Thelephora pseudoversatilis</em>: two new cryptic species with polymorphic basidiomes inhabiting tropical deciduous and sub-perennial forests of the Mexican Pacific coast. <em>Mycologia</em> 107: 346–358.</p><p class="Reference"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.3852/14-151">https://doi.org/10.3852/14-151</a></p><p class="Reference">Robertson, S.J., Rutherford, P.M., López-Gutiérrez, J.C. & Massicotte, H.B. (2012) Biochar enhances seedling growth and alters root symbioses and properties of sub-boreal forest soils.<em> Canadian Journal of Soil Science</em> 92 (2): 329–340.</p><p class="Reference"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.4141/CJSS2011-066">https://doi.org/10.4141/CJSS2011-066</a></p><p class="Reference">Ronquist, F. & Huelsenbeck, J.P. (2003) Mrbayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. <em>Bioinformatics</em> 19 (12): 1572–1574.</p><p class="Reference"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180">https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180</a></p><p class="Reference">Schweinitz, L.D. (1834) Synopsis fungorum in America boreali media degentium. <em>Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series</em> 4 (2): 141–316.</p><p class="Reference">Sha, T., Xu, J.P., Palanichamy, M.G., Zhang, H.B., Li, T., Zhao, Z.W. & Zhang, Y.P. (2008) Genetic diversity of the endemic gourmet mushroom <em>Thelephora ganbajun</em> from south-western China. <em>Microbiology</em> 154: 3460–3468.</p><p class="Reference"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.2008/020495-0">https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.2008/020495-0</a></p><p class="Reference">Smith, M.E., Douhan, G.W. & Rizzo, D.M. (2007) Ectomycorrhizal community structure in a xeric <em>Quercus</em> woodland based on rDNA sequence analysis of sporocarps and pooled roots. <em>New Phytologist</em> 174 (4): 847–863.</p><p class="Reference"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02040.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02040.x</a></p><p class="Reference">Stalpers, J.A. (1993) The Aphyllophoraceous Fungi I. Keys to the species of the Thelephorales. <em>Studies in Mycology</em> 35: 1–168.</p><p class="Reference">Suvi, T., Tedersoo, L., Abarenkov, K., Beaver, K., Gerlach, J. & Kõljalg, U. (2010) Mycorrhizal symbionts of <em>Pisonia grandis</em> and <em>P. sechellarum</em> in Seychelles: identification of mycorrhizal fungi and description of new <em>Tomentella</em> species. <em>Mycologia</em> 102 (3): 522–533.</p><p class="Reference"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.3852/09-147">https://doi.org/10.3852/09-147</a></p><p class="Reference">Tai, F.L. (1979) <em>Sylloge Fungorum Sinicorum</em>. Science Press, Academia Sinica, Peking, pp. 740–741.</p><p class="Reference">Taylor, D.L. & Bruns, T.D. (1997) Independent, specialized invasions of ectomycorrhizal mutualism by two nonphotosynthetic orchids. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</em> 94 (9): 4510–4515.</p><p class="Reference"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.9.4510">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.9.4510</a></p><p class="Reference">Tedersoo, L., Kõljalg, U., Hallenberg, N. & Larsson, K.H. (2003) Fine scale distribution of ectomycorrhizal fungi and roots across substrate layers including coarse woody debris in a mixed forest. <em>New Phytologist</em> 159: 153–165.</p><p class="Reference"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01669.x">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01669.x</a></p><p class="Reference">Teng, S.C. (1934) Notes on the Thelephoraceae and Hydnaceae from China. <em>Sinensia</em> 6: 13.</p><p class="Reference">Teng, S.C. (1963) <em>Fungi of China</em>. Science Press, Beijing, 808 pp.</p><p class="Reference">Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J., Plewnlak, F., Jianmougin, F. & Higgins, D.G. (1997) The Clustal X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. <em>Nucleic Acids Research</em> 24: 4876–4882.</p><p class="Reference"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/25.24.4876">https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/25.24.4876</a></p><p class="Reference">Vilgalys, R. & Hester, M. (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several <em>Cryptococcus</em> species. <em>Journal of Bacteriology </em>172: 4238–4246.</p><p class="Reference"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.172.8.4238-4246.1990">https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.172.8.4238-4246.1990</a></p><p class="Reference">Vizzini, A., Angelini, C., Losi, C. & Ercole, E. (2016) <em>Thelephora dominicana </em>(Basidiomycota, Thelephorales), a new species from the Dominican Republic, and preliminary notes on thelephoroid genera. <em>Phytotaxa</em> 265 (1): 27–38.</p><p class="Reference"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.265.1.2">https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.265.1.2</a></p><p class="Reference">Voitk, A., Saar, I., Trudell, S., Spirin, V., Beug, M. & Kõljalg, U. (2017) <em>Polyozellus multiplex</em> (Thelephorales) is a species complex containing four new species. <em>Mycologia</em> 109 (6): 975–992.</p><p class="Reference"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2017.1416246">https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2017.1416246</a></p><p class="Reference">Wang, P.F., Sha, T., Zhang, Y.R., Cao, Y., Mei, F., Liu, C.L., Yang, D., Tang, X.Z., He, X.X., Dong, J.Y., Wu, J.Y., Yoell, S.Z., Yoell, L., Zhang, K.Q., Zhang, Y. & Xu, J.P. (2017) Frequent heteroplasmy and recombination in the mitochondrial genomes of the basidiomycete mushroom <em>Thelephora ganbajun</em>. <em>Scientific Reports</em> 7 (1): 1626.</p><p class="Reference"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01823-z">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01823-z</a></p><p class="Reference">Wei, J., Yang, Y., Li, S.H., Zhang, X.L. & Su, K.M. (2017) Morphological characters of ectomycorrhizae formed by <em>Thelephora ganbajun</em> species complex and <em>Pinus yunnanensis</em> and their molecular identification. <em>Edible Fungi of China</em> 37 (1): 14–18.</p><p class="Reference">Weiß, M. & Oberwinkler, F. (2001) Phylogenetic relationships in Auriculariales and related groups-hypotheses derived from nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. <em>Mycological Research</em> 105 (4): 403–415.</p><p class="Reference"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S095375620100363X">https://doi.org/10.1017/S095375620100363X</a></p><p class="Reference">Welden, A.L. (1960) The genus <em>Cymatoderma</em> (Thelephoraceae) in the Americas. <em>Mycologia</em> 52 (6): 856–876.</p><p class="Reference"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.2307/3755848">https://doi.org/10.2307/3755848</a></p><p class="Reference">White, T.J., Bruns, T.D., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990)<em> </em>Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. <em>In: </em>Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D., Sninsky, J. & White, T. (Eds.) <em>PCR Protocols: a guide to methods and applications</em>. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 315–322.</p><p class="Reference"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1">https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1</a></p><p class="Reference">Willdenow, C.L. (1787) <em>Florae Berolinensis Prodromus: secundum systema Linneanum ab illustr. Viro ac eq. C.P.</em> <em>Thunbergio emendatum conscriptus</em>. Impensis Wilhelmi Viewegii, Berolini, 490 pp.</p><p class="Reference">Yorou, N.S. & Agerer, R. (2008) <em>Tomentella africana</em>, a new species from Benin (West Africa) identified by morphological and molecular data. <em>Mycologia </em>100 (1): 68–80.</p><p class="Reference"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.3852/mycologia.100.1.68">https://doi.org/10.3852/mycologia.100.1.68</a></p><p class="Reference">Yorou, N.S., Gardt, S., Guissou, M.L., Diabate, M. & Agerer, R. (2012) Three new <em>Tomentella</em> species from West Africa identified by anatomical and molecular data. <em>Mycological Progress</em> 11 (2): 449–462.</p><p class="Reference"> <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11557-011-0760-3">https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11557-011-0760-3</a></p><p class="Reference">Zang, M. (1987) Some new and noteworthy higher fungi from eastern Himalayas. <em>Acta Botanic Yunnanica</em> 9 (1): 81–88.</p><p class="Reference">Zecchin, G. (2008) Ⅱ genere <em>Thelephora</em> in Friuli-Ottavo contributo. <em>Rivista di Micologia</em> 51 (2): 117–125.</p><p class="Reference">Zhao, R.L., Li, G.J., Sánchez-Ramírez, S., Stata, M., Yang, Z.L., Wu, G., Dai, Y.C., He, S.H., Cui, B.K., Zhou, J.L., Wu, F., He, M.Q., Moncalvo, J.M. & Hyde, K.D. (2017) A six-gene phylogenetic overview of Basidiomycota and allied phyla with estimated divergence times of higher taxa and a phyloproteomics perspective. <em>Fungal Diversity</em> 84 (1): 1–32.</p><p class="Reference"> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-017-0381-5">https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-017-0381-5</a></p><p class="Reference">Zmitrovich, I.V., Shchepin, O.N., Malysheva, V.F., Kalinovskaya, N.I., Volobuev, S.V., Myasnikov, A.G., Ezhov, O.N. & Novozhilov, Y.K. (2018) Basidiome reduction in litter-inhabiting Thelephorales in boreal forest environments: morphological and molecular evidence. <em>Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology</em> 8 (3): 360–371.</p><p> <a href="https://doi.org/10.5943/cream/8/3/7s">https://doi.org/10.5943/cream/8/3/7s</a></p>