Abstract
Laccaria violaceotincta sp. nov. is described from Kerala State, India based on morphology and molecular phylogeny. All the collections of the species were made from a freshwater swamp forest predominantly composed of species of Myristica. The Maximum Likelihood (ML) analysis of sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) of the ribosomal RNA gene clearly revealed its novelty as well as its position within the genus Laccaria. A taxonomic description, photographs of the basidiocarps and the micro-structures, comparisons with phenetically similar and phylogenetically related species and a phylogram depicting the placement of the new species are provided.
References
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https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2018.1507542
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https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.284.1.4
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.myc.2015.06.002
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https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2598
Mueller, G.M. & Vellinga, E.C. (1986) Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on Laccaria B. & Br.: Laccaria amethystea, L. fraterna, L. laccata, L, pumila, and their synonyms. Persoonia 13 (1): 27–43.
Natarajan, K., Kumaresan, V. & Narayanan, K. (2005) A checklist of Indian Agarics and Boletes (1984–2002). Kavaka 33: 61–128.
Osmundson, T.W. (2003) Systematics of Rocky Mountain alpine Laccaria (Basidiomycota, Agaricales, Tricholomataceae) and ecology of Beartooth Plateau alpine macromycetes [Master’s thesis]. Montana State Univ., Bozeman, 246 pp.
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https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2006.11832746
Popa, F., Rexer, K.H., Donges, K., Yang, Z.L. & Kost, G. (2014) Three new Laccaria species from Southwest China Yunnan. Mycological Progress 13 (4): 1105–1117.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-014-0998-7
Popa, F., Jimenéz, S.Y.C., Weisenborn, J., Donges, K., Rexer, K.H. & Piepenbring, M. (2016) A new Laccaria species from cloud forest of Fortuna, Panama. Mycological Progress 15: 1–8.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-015-1139-7
Raj, K.N.A., Latha, K.P.D., Iyyappan, R. & Manimohan P. (2016) Rhodophana squamulosa—a new species of Entolomataceae from India. Mycoscience 57: 90–95.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.myc.2015.10.001
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Redhead, S.A., Ammirati, J.F., Norvell, L.L., Vizzini, A. & Contu, M. (2011) Validation of combinations with basionyms published by Fries in 1861. Mycotaxon 118: 455–458.
https://doi.org/10.5248/118.455
Singer, R. (1986) The Agaricales in modern taxonomy, 4<sup>th</sup> Edition. Koeltz Scientific Books, Königstein, 981 pp.
Stamatakis, A. (2014) RAxML Version 8: A tool for Phylogenetic Analysis and Post-Analysis of Large Phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30 (9): 1312–1313.
https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033
Vellinga, E.C. (1986) Some species of Laccaria from India. Sydowia 39: 224–229.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05392.x
Vellinga, E. (1988) Glossary. In: Bas, C., Kuyper, Th.W., Noordeloos, M.E. & Vellinga, E.C. (Eds.) Flora Agaricina Neerlandica 1. AA Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 54–64.
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Vincenot, L., Kazuhide, N., Schulz, C., Labbé, J., Dubois, M.P., Tendersoo, L., Martin, F. & Selosse, M.A. (2011) Extensive gene flow over Europe and possible speciation over Eurasia in the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria amethystina complex. Molecular Ecology 21 (2): 281–299.
White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenies. In: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. & White, T.J. (Eds.) PCR Protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, Inc, San Diego, California, pp. 315–322.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1
Wilson, A.W., Hosaka, K., Perry, B.A. & Mueller, G.M. (2013) Laccaria (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) from Tibet (Xizang Autonomous Region, China). Mycoscience 54: 406–419.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.myc.2013.01.006
Berkeley, M.J. & Broome, C.E. (1883) Notices of British fungi (1989-2027). Annals and Magazine of Natural History 12: 370–374.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00222938309459647
Cho, H.J., Park, M.S., Lee, H., Oh, S.Y., Wilson, A.W., Mueller, G.M. & Lim, Y.W. (2018) A systematic revision of the ectomycorrhizal genus Laccaria from Korea. Mycologia 110 (5): 1–14.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2018.1507542
Dietrich, A. (1839) Flora Regni Borussici Vol. 7. Verlag von Ludwig Oehmight, Berlin, 302 pp.
Farook, V.A., Khan, S.S. & Manimohan, P. (2013) A checklist of agarics (gilled mushrooms) of Kerala State, India. Mycosphere 4: 97–131.
https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/4/1/6
Hongo, T. (1971) Notulae mycologicae. Memoirs of Shiga University 21: 62–68.
Izumitsu, K., Hatoh, K., Sumita, T., Kitade, Y., Morita, A., Gafur, A., Ohta, A., Kawai, M., Yamanaka, T., Neda, H., Ota, Y. & Tanaka, C. (2012) Rapid and simple preparation of mushroom DNA directly from colonies and fruiting bodies for PCR. Mycoscience 53: 396–401.
https://doi.org/10.1007/S10267-012-0182-3
Kornerup, A. & Wanscher, J.H. (1978) Methuen handbook of colour, 3<sup>rd</sup> Edition. Methuen, London, 252 pp.
Kühner, R. (1984) Some mainlines of classification in the gill fungi. Mycologia 76: 1059–1074.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1984.12023950
Largent, D.L. (1973) How to Identify Mushrooms to Genus I: Macroscopic Features. Mad River Press Inc., Eureka, 86 pp.
Largent, D.L., Johnson, D. & Watling, R. (1977) How to Identify Mushrooms to Genus III. Microscopic features. Mad River Press, Eureka, 148 pp.
Larsson, A. (2014) AliView: a fast and lightweight alignment viewer and editor for large data sets. Bioinformatics 30: 3276–3278.
https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu531
Latha, K.P.D. & Manimohan, P. (2018) A new species of Hygrocybe from Kerala State, India. Phytotaxa 385 (1): 013–022.
https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.385.1.2
Luo, X., Ye, L., Chen, J., Karunarathna, S.C., Xu, J., Hyde, K.D. & Mortimer, P.E. (2016) Laccaria rubroalba sp. nov. (Hydnangiaceae, Agaricales) from Southwestern China. Phytotaxa 284 (1): 041–050.
https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.284.1.4
Manjula, B. (1983) A revised list of the agaricoid and boletoid basidiomycetes from India and Nepal. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences (Plant Sciences) 92: 81–213.
Matheny, P.B., Curtis, J.M., Hofstetter, V., Aime, M.C., Moncalvo, J.M., Ge, Z.W., Slot, J.C., Ammirati ,J.F., Baroni, T.J., Bougher, N.L., Hughes, K.W., Lodge, D.J., Kerrigan, R.W., Seidl, M.T., Aanen, D.K., DeNitis, M., Daniele, G.M., Desjardin, D.E., Kropp, B.R., Norvell, L.L., Parker, A., Vellinga, E.C., Vilgalys, R. & Hibbett, D.S. (2006) Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview. Mycologia 98: 982–995.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2006.11832627
Miller, M.A., Pfeiffer, W. & Schwartz, T. (2010) Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. In: Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE) 14 Nov. 2010. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New Orleans, LA, pp. 1–8.
https://doi.org/10.1109/GCE.2010.5676129
Montoya, L., Bandala, V.M., Baroni, T.J. & Horton, T.R. (2015) A new species of Laccaria in montane cloud forest from eastern Mexico. Mycoscience 56: 597–605.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.myc.2015.06.002
Moser, M. (1983) Keys to Agarics and Boleti (Polyporales, Boletales, Agaricales, Russulales). Roger Phillips, London, 535 pp.
Mueller, G.M. (1992) Systematics of Laccaria (Agaricales) in the continental United States and Canada, with discussion on extralimital taxa and descriptions of extant types. Fieldiana Botany New Series 30: 1–158.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.2598
Mueller, G.M. & Vellinga, E.C. (1986) Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on Laccaria B. & Br.: Laccaria amethystea, L. fraterna, L. laccata, L, pumila, and their synonyms. Persoonia 13 (1): 27–43.
Natarajan, K., Kumaresan, V. & Narayanan, K. (2005) A checklist of Indian Agarics and Boletes (1984–2002). Kavaka 33: 61–128.
Osmundson, T.W. (2003) Systematics of Rocky Mountain alpine Laccaria (Basidiomycota, Agaricales, Tricholomataceae) and ecology of Beartooth Plateau alpine macromycetes [Master’s thesis]. Montana State Univ., Bozeman, 246 pp.
Osmundson, T.W., Cripps, C.L. & Mueller, G.M. (2005) Morphological and molecular systematics of Rocky Mountain alpine Laccaria. Mycologia 97 (5): 949–972.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2006.11832746
Popa, F., Rexer, K.H., Donges, K., Yang, Z.L. & Kost, G. (2014) Three new Laccaria species from Southwest China Yunnan. Mycological Progress 13 (4): 1105–1117.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-014-0998-7
Popa, F., Jimenéz, S.Y.C., Weisenborn, J., Donges, K., Rexer, K.H. & Piepenbring, M. (2016) A new Laccaria species from cloud forest of Fortuna, Panama. Mycological Progress 15: 1–8.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-015-1139-7
Raj, K.N.A., Latha, K.P.D., Iyyappan, R. & Manimohan P. (2016) Rhodophana squamulosa—a new species of Entolomataceae from India. Mycoscience 57: 90–95.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.myc.2015.10.001
Rambaut, A. (2014) FigTree 1.4.2 software. Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Univ. Edinburgh. Available from: http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/ (accessed 14 February 2019)
Redhead, S.A., Ammirati, J.F., Norvell, L.L., Vizzini, A. & Contu, M. (2011) Validation of combinations with basionyms published by Fries in 1861. Mycotaxon 118: 455–458.
https://doi.org/10.5248/118.455
Singer, R. (1986) The Agaricales in modern taxonomy, 4<sup>th</sup> Edition. Koeltz Scientific Books, Königstein, 981 pp.
Stamatakis, A. (2014) RAxML Version 8: A tool for Phylogenetic Analysis and Post-Analysis of Large Phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30 (9): 1312–1313.
https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033
Vellinga, E.C. (1986) Some species of Laccaria from India. Sydowia 39: 224–229.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05392.x
Vellinga, E. (1988) Glossary. In: Bas, C., Kuyper, Th.W., Noordeloos, M.E. & Vellinga, E.C. (Eds.) Flora Agaricina Neerlandica 1. AA Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 54–64.
Vellinga, E.C. (1995) Tribus Laccarieae (Jülich) Bas. In: Bas, C., Kuyper, T.W., Noordeloos, M.E. & Vellinga, E.C. (Eds.) Flora Agaricina Neerlandica 3. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 96–103.
Vincenot, L., Kazuhide, N., Schulz, C., Labbé, J., Dubois, M.P., Tendersoo, L., Martin, F. & Selosse, M.A. (2011) Extensive gene flow over Europe and possible speciation over Eurasia in the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria amethystina complex. Molecular Ecology 21 (2): 281–299.
White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenies. In: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. & White, T.J. (Eds.) PCR Protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, Inc, San Diego, California, pp. 315–322.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1
Wilson, A.W., Hosaka, K., Perry, B.A. & Mueller, G.M. (2013) Laccaria (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) from Tibet (Xizang Autonomous Region, China). Mycoscience 54: 406–419.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.myc.2013.01.006