Abstract
Marasmius cystidiatus sp. nov. is described from Kerala State, India based on both morphology and nrITS sequence-based molecular phylogeny. The phylogenetic tree inferred from maximum likelihood analysis showed M. cystidiatus nesting within the clade representing Marasmius section Globulares. Within this clade, M. cystidiatus formed a distinct lineage, sister to a cluster containing mostly members of the series Atrorubentes. A comprehensive description and photographs of both basidiocarps and microscopic structures of the new species are provided along with a comparison with morphologically close and phylogenetically related species.
References
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Antonín, V., Ryoo, R. & Shin, H.D. (2012) Marasmioid and gymnopoid fungi of the Republic of Korea. 4. Marasmius sect. Sicci. Mycological Progress 11: 615–638.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-011-0773-y
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Desjardin, D.E. & Horak, E. (1997) Marasmius and Gloiocephala in the South Pacific Region: Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, and New Zealand taxa. Bibliotheca Mycologica 168: 1–152.
Desjardin, D.E., Retnowati, A. & Horak, E. (2000) Agaricales of Indonesia. 2. A preliminary monograph of Marasmius from Java and Bali. Sydowia 52 (2): 92–193.
Dutta, A.K. & Acharya, K. (2018) First record of fungus Cryptomarasmius T.S. Jenkinson & Desjardin (Physalacriaceae: Agaricales: Basidiomycota) from India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 10 (3): 11464–11469.
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3704.10.3.11464-11469
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https://doi.org/10.5248/128.117
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https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/6/5/5
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https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.227.3.7
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https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/4/1/6
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Izumitsu, K., Hatoh, K., Sumita, T., Kitade, Y., Morita, A., Gafur, A., Ohta, A., Kawai, M., Yamanaka, T., Neda, H., Ota, Y. & Tanaka, C. (2012) Rapid and simple preparation of mushroom DNA directly from colonies and fruiting bodies for PCR. Mycoscience 53: 396–401.
https://doi.org/10.1007/S10267-012-0182-3
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https://doi.org/10.3852/11-309
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Kiyashko, A.A., Malysheva, E.F., Antonín, V., Svetasheva, T.Y. & Bulakh, E.M. (2014) Fungi of the Russian Far East 2. New species and new records of Marasmius and Cryptomarasmius (Basidiomycota). Phytotaxa 186 (1): 001–028.
https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.186.1.1
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Larsson, A. (2014) AliView: a fast and light weight alignment viewer and editor for large data sets. Bioinformatics 30: 3276–3278.
https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu531
Manjula, B. (1983) A revised list of agaricoid and boletoid basidiomycetes from India and Nepal. Proceedings of Indian Academy of Science (Plant Science) 92: 81–213.
Matheny, P.B., Curtis, J.M., Hofstetter, V., Aime, M.C., Moncalvo, J.M., Ge, Z.W., Yang, Z.L., Slot, J.C., Ammirati, J.F., Baroni, T.J., Bougher, N.L., Hughes, K.W., Lodge, J.D., Kerrigan, R.W., Seidl, M.T., Aanen, D.K., DeNitis, M., Daniele, G.M., Desjardin, D.E., Kropp, B.R., Norvell, L.L., Parker, A., Vellinga, E.C., Vilgalys, R. & Hibbett, D.S. (2006) Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview. Mycologia 98: 982–995.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2006.11832627
Miller, M.A., Pfeiffer, W. & Schwartz, T. (2010) Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE) 14 Nov. 2010. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New Orleans, LA, pp. 1–8.
https://doi.org/10.1109/GCE.2010.5676129
Moncalvo, J.M., Vilgalys, R., Redhead, S.A., Johnson, J.E., James, T.Y., Aime, M.C., Hofstetter, V., Verdium, S.J.W., Larsson, E., Baroni, T.J., Thorn, R.G., Jacobsson, S., Clémençon, H. & Miller, O.K. Jr. (2002) One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 23: 357–400.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s1055-7903(02)00027-1">https://doi.org/10.1016/s1055-7903(02)00027-1</a>
Rambaut, A. (2014) FigTree 1.4.2 software. Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Univ. Edinburgh. Available from: http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/ (accessed 3 August 2018)
Shay, J.E., Desjardin, D.E., Perry, B.A., Grace, C.L. & Newman, D.S. (2017) Biodiversity and phylogeny of Marasmius (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) from Madagascar. Phytotaxa 292 (2): 101–149.
https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.292.2.1
Singer, R. (1958) New genera of fungi. VIII. Notes concerning the sections of the genus Marasmius. Mycologia 50: 103?110.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3756041
Singer, R. (1964) Marasmius congolais recueillis parMme. Goossens-Fontana et d‘autres collecteurs Belges. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l‘État a Bruxelles 34: 317?388.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3667322
Singer, R. (1965) Monographic studies on South American Basidiomycetes, especially those of the east slope of Andes and Brazil. 2) The genus Marasmius in South America. Sydowia 18: 106–358.
Singer, R. (1986) The Agaricales in modern taxonomy, 4th Edition. Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein, 981 pp.
Stamatakis, A. (2014) RAxML Version 8: A tool for Phylogenetic Analysis and Post-Analysis of Large Phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30 (9): 1312–1313.
https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033
Tan, Y.S., Desjardin, D.E., Perry, B.A., Vikineswary, S. & Noorlidah, A. (2009) Marasmius sensu stricto in Peninsular Malaysia. Fungal Diversity 37: 9–100.
Vilgalys, R. & Hester, M. (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. Journal of Bacteriology 172: 4238–4246.
https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.172.8.4238-4246.1990
Wannathes, N., Desjardin, D.E., Hyde, K.D., Perry, B.A. & Lumyong, S. (2009) A monograph of Marasmius (Basidiomycota) from Northern Thailand based on morphological and molecular (ITS sequences) data. Fungal Diversity 37: 209–306.
White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenies. In: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. & White, T.J. (Eds.) PCR Protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, Inc, San Diego, California, pp. 315–322.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1
Wilson, A.W. & Desjardin, D.E. (2005) Phylogenetic relationships in the gymnopoid and marasmioid fungi (Basidiomycetes, euagarics clade). Mycologia 97 (3): 667–679.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2006.11832797
Antonín, V. & Noordeloos, M.E. (2010) A monograph of marasmioid and collybioid fungi in Europe. IHW Verlag, Eching,Germany, 480 pp.
Antonín, V., Ryoo, R. & Shin, H.D. (2012) Marasmioid and gymnopoid fungi of the Republic of Korea. 4. Marasmius sect. Sicci. Mycological Progress 11: 615–638.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-011-0773-y
Bilgrami, K.S., Jamaluddin, S. & Rizwi, M.A. (1979) Fungi of India Part 1: list and references. Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers, New Delhi, 467 pp.
Corner, E.J.H. (1996) The agaric genera Marasmius, Chaetocalathus, Crinipellis, Heimiomyces, Resupinatus, Xerula and Xerulina in Malesia. Nova Hedwigia Beiheft 111: 1–175.
Desjardin, D.E. & Horak, E. (1997) Marasmius and Gloiocephala in the South Pacific Region: Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, and New Zealand taxa. Bibliotheca Mycologica 168: 1–152.
Desjardin, D.E., Retnowati, A. & Horak, E. (2000) Agaricales of Indonesia. 2. A preliminary monograph of Marasmius from Java and Bali. Sydowia 52 (2): 92–193.
Dutta, A.K. & Acharya, K. (2018) First record of fungus Cryptomarasmius T.S. Jenkinson & Desjardin (Physalacriaceae: Agaricales: Basidiomycota) from India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 10 (3): 11464–11469.
https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.3704.10.3.11464-11469
Dutta, A.K., Chandra, S., Pradhan, P. & Acharya, K. (2014) A new species of Marasmius sect. Sicci from India. Mycotaxon 128: 117–125.
https://doi.org/10.5248/128.117
Dutta, A.K., Das, K. & Acharya, K. (2015) A new species of Marasmius sect. Globulares from Indian Himalaya with tall basidiomata. Mycosphere 6 (5): 560–567.
https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/6/5/5
Farook, V.A. & Manimohan, P. (2015) Marasmius odoratus?a new jasmine-scented species of Marasmius section Globulares from India. Phytotaxa 227 (3): 275?281.
https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.227.3.7
Farook, V.A., Khan, S.S. & Manimohan, P. (2013) A checklist of agarics (gilled mushrooms) of Kerala State, India. Mycosphere 4 (1): 97–131.
https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/4/1/6
Fries, E.M. (1835) Corpus Florarum provincialium suecicae I. Floram Scanicam. Upsaliae, 349 pp.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.47083
Izumitsu, K., Hatoh, K., Sumita, T., Kitade, Y., Morita, A., Gafur, A., Ohta, A., Kawai, M., Yamanaka, T., Neda, H., Ota, Y. & Tanaka, C. (2012) Rapid and simple preparation of mushroom DNA directly from colonies and fruiting bodies for PCR. Mycoscience 53: 396–401.
https://doi.org/10.1007/S10267-012-0182-3
Jenkinson, T.S., Perry, B.A., Schaefer, R.E., & Desjardin, D.E. (2014) Cryptomarasmius gen. nov. established in the Physalacriaceae to accommodate members of Marasmius section Hygrometrici. Mycologia 106 (1): 86–94.
https://doi.org/10.3852/11-309
Kerekes, J.F. & Desjardin, D.E. (2009) A monograph of the genera Crinipellis and Moniliophthora from Southeast Asia including a molecular phylogeny of the nrITS region. Fungal Diversity 37: 101–152.
Kiyashko, A.A., Malysheva, E.F., Antonín, V., Svetasheva, T.Y. & Bulakh, E.M. (2014) Fungi of the Russian Far East 2. New species and new records of Marasmius and Cryptomarasmius (Basidiomycota). Phytotaxa 186 (1): 001–028.
https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.186.1.1
Kornerup, A. & Wanscher, J.H. (1978) Methuen handbook of colour, 3<sup>rd</sup> Edition. Methuen, London, 252 pp.
Kühner, R. (1933) Etudes sur le genre Marasmius. Botaniste 25: 57?116.
Larsson, A. (2014) AliView: a fast and light weight alignment viewer and editor for large data sets. Bioinformatics 30: 3276–3278.
https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu531
Manjula, B. (1983) A revised list of agaricoid and boletoid basidiomycetes from India and Nepal. Proceedings of Indian Academy of Science (Plant Science) 92: 81–213.
Matheny, P.B., Curtis, J.M., Hofstetter, V., Aime, M.C., Moncalvo, J.M., Ge, Z.W., Yang, Z.L., Slot, J.C., Ammirati, J.F., Baroni, T.J., Bougher, N.L., Hughes, K.W., Lodge, J.D., Kerrigan, R.W., Seidl, M.T., Aanen, D.K., DeNitis, M., Daniele, G.M., Desjardin, D.E., Kropp, B.R., Norvell, L.L., Parker, A., Vellinga, E.C., Vilgalys, R. & Hibbett, D.S. (2006) Major clades of Agaricales: a multilocus phylogenetic overview. Mycologia 98: 982–995.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2006.11832627
Miller, M.A., Pfeiffer, W. & Schwartz, T. (2010) Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE) 14 Nov. 2010. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New Orleans, LA, pp. 1–8.
https://doi.org/10.1109/GCE.2010.5676129
Moncalvo, J.M., Vilgalys, R., Redhead, S.A., Johnson, J.E., James, T.Y., Aime, M.C., Hofstetter, V., Verdium, S.J.W., Larsson, E., Baroni, T.J., Thorn, R.G., Jacobsson, S., Clémençon, H. & Miller, O.K. Jr. (2002) One hundred and seventeen clades of euagarics. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 23: 357–400.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/s1055-7903(02)00027-1">https://doi.org/10.1016/s1055-7903(02)00027-1</a>
Rambaut, A. (2014) FigTree 1.4.2 software. Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Univ. Edinburgh. Available from: http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/ (accessed 3 August 2018)
Shay, J.E., Desjardin, D.E., Perry, B.A., Grace, C.L. & Newman, D.S. (2017) Biodiversity and phylogeny of Marasmius (Agaricales, Basidiomycota) from Madagascar. Phytotaxa 292 (2): 101–149.
https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.292.2.1
Singer, R. (1958) New genera of fungi. VIII. Notes concerning the sections of the genus Marasmius. Mycologia 50: 103?110.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3756041
Singer, R. (1964) Marasmius congolais recueillis parMme. Goossens-Fontana et d‘autres collecteurs Belges. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de l‘État a Bruxelles 34: 317?388.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3667322
Singer, R. (1965) Monographic studies on South American Basidiomycetes, especially those of the east slope of Andes and Brazil. 2) The genus Marasmius in South America. Sydowia 18: 106–358.
Singer, R. (1986) The Agaricales in modern taxonomy, 4th Edition. Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein, 981 pp.
Stamatakis, A. (2014) RAxML Version 8: A tool for Phylogenetic Analysis and Post-Analysis of Large Phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30 (9): 1312–1313.
https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033
Tan, Y.S., Desjardin, D.E., Perry, B.A., Vikineswary, S. & Noorlidah, A. (2009) Marasmius sensu stricto in Peninsular Malaysia. Fungal Diversity 37: 9–100.
Vilgalys, R. & Hester, M. (1990) Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. Journal of Bacteriology 172: 4238–4246.
https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.172.8.4238-4246.1990
Wannathes, N., Desjardin, D.E., Hyde, K.D., Perry, B.A. & Lumyong, S. (2009) A monograph of Marasmius (Basidiomycota) from Northern Thailand based on morphological and molecular (ITS sequences) data. Fungal Diversity 37: 209–306.
White, T.J., Bruns, T., Lee, S. & Taylor, J. (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenies. In: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J. & White, T.J. (Eds.) PCR Protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, Inc, San Diego, California, pp. 315–322.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1
Wilson, A.W. & Desjardin, D.E. (2005) Phylogenetic relationships in the gymnopoid and marasmioid fungi (Basidiomycetes, euagarics clade). Mycologia 97 (3): 667–679.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15572536.2006.11832797