Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Type: Article
Published: 2024-09-24
Page range: 201-220
Abstract views: 85
PDF downloaded: 6

An alternative subgeneric classification of Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Cotyledonoideae) globally: a nomenclatural and taxonomic review, with a new status for K. subg. Pubescentes

Ria Olivier Herbarium, Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela University, P.O. Box 77000, Gqeberha, 6031 South Africa.
accepted taxa designations subgenus synonymy Eudicots

Abstract

In the most recently presented global synopsis of Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Cotyledonoideae), which was published in 2003 by Bernard Marie Descoings (1931–2018), only two sections, K. sect. Kalanchoe [geographically widespread] and K. sect. Bryophyllum [geographically naturally limited to Madagascar, but with some species and nothospecies naturalised elsewhere], were recognised in the genus. Three years later, Descoings changed his views on the infrageneric classification of Kalanchoe when, in 2006, he published the subgenus name K. subg. Calophygia for a rather disparate group of species from virtually across the entire natural geographical distribution range of the genus. In this regard, Descoings built on and expanded the kalanchooid infrageneric concept that Sijfert Hendrik Koorders (1863–1919) put forward for Kalanchoe almost 90 years earlier. Apart from recognising K. subg. Calophygia in 2006, Descoings additionally upheld the autonymic K. subg. Kalanchoe and K. subg. Bryophyllum, both of which he recognised at the rank of section in 2003. The infrageneric classification of Kalanchoe that recognises primary diversity in the genus at the rank of subgenus, rather than at that of section, is now firmly entrenched. Following on from Descoings recognising three subgenera in 2006, the subgenus classification of Kalanchoe has recently been expanded with the publication of a further four subgenus names, in 2018 (K. subg. Kitchingia), in 2020 (K. subg. Fernandesiae), in 2023 (K. subg. Alatae), and in 2024 (K. subg. Pubescentes). The most up-to-date subgenus classification of Kalanchoe is presented here, with five subgenera recognised. With the exception of the geographically widespread K. subg. Kalanchoe, the four other subgenera are naturally endemic to Madagascar.

References

  1. Adanson, M. (1763 [July–August]) Familles des plantes. Contenant une Préface Historike sur l’état ancien & actuel de la Botanike, & une Téorie de cette Science. II. Partie. [Kalanchoe described on p. 248.] Chez Vincent, Imprimeur-Libraire de Mgr le Comte de Provence, rue S. Severin, Paris, 640 pp. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/6958#page/794/mode/1up]
  2. Allorge-Boiteau, L. (1995 [Mai]) Les Kalanchoe arborescents du sud de Madagascar. Succulentes 1995 (2) [18ème]: 8–17.
  3. Allorge-Boiteau, L. (1996) Madagascar centre de spéciation et d’origine du genre Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae). In: W.R. Lourenço (Réd.), Biogéographie de Madagascar, Actes du Colloque International Biogéographie de Madagascar. Société de Biogéographie—Muséum—Orstom. Paris (France) du 26 au 28 septembre 1995. Orstom Éditions, Paris, pp. 137–145.
  4. Andrews, H.[C.] (1798 [Jan.–Dec.] [1797–1815]) The botanist’s repository, for new, and rare plants. Containing coloured figures of such plants, as have not hitherto appeared in any similar publication; with all their essential characters, botanically arranged, after the sexual system of the celebrated Linnaeus; in English and Latin. To each description is added, a short history of the plant, as to its time of flowering, culture, native place of growth, when introduced, and by whom. The whole executed by Henry Andrews, author of the coloured engravings of heaths, in folio. [Vereia crenata Andrews treated in Vol. 1: t. 21 (1798).] Printed by T. Bensley, and published by the author, No 5, Knightsbridge. To be had of J. White, Fleet-street, and all the Booksellers, London, 42 plates; pages not numbered. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/111072#page/94/mode/1up]
  5. Applequist, W.L. (2024 [February]) Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants: 75. Taxon 73 (1): 288–304. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.13134
  6. Baillon, H.E. (1885 [séance du 18 février]) Liste des plantes de Madagascar (suite de la page 464). [Kalanchoe § Kitchingia]. Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Paris (Paris) 1 (59): 465–472. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/41447#page/60/mode/1up]
  7. Baker, J.G. (1881 [21 February]) Notes on a collection of flowering plants made by L. Kitching, Esq., in Madagascar in 1879 (Plates VII. & VIII.). Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 18: 264–281. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/8373#page/271/mode/1up]
  8. Baker, J.G. (1882) Contributions to the flora of central Madagascar (to be continued). Journal of Botany, British and Foreign, London 20: 109–114. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/35873#page/125/mode/1up]
  9. Baker, J.G. (1883 [1884; published 24 March 1883]) Contributions to the flora of Madagascar.—Part I. Polypetalæ [Plates XXII & XXIII]. Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany (London) 20: 87–158. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/8375#page/94/mode/1up
  10. Baker, J.G. (1887) Further contributions to the flora of Madagascar. Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany (London) 22: 441–537. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/8378#page/448/mode/1up]
  11. Baker, J.G. (1893 [27 May]) New or noteworthy plants. Cotyledon barbeyi, Schweinf. ined.* The Gardeners’ Chronicle. [A weekly illustrated journal of Horticulture and Allied Subjects], 3rd series, XIIII(No. 335): 624–625. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/83804#page/646/mode/1up]
  12. Beentje, H. & Williamson, J. [illustrations]. (2010) The Kew plant glossary: an illustrated dictionary of plant terms. Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey, 160 pp.
  13. Berger, A. (1930 [Mai]) Crassulaceae. Unterfam. II. Kalanchoideae [sic, Kalanchooideae]. 6. Kalanchoe Adanson. 7. Kitchingia Baker. 8. Bryophyllum Salisb. In: A. Engler & K. Prantl (Eds.) Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. edn 2, 18a. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 378–386, 402–412.
  14. Boiteau, P. (1947 [novembre-décembre]). Les plantes grasses de Madagascar. [Overview of sections in Kalanchoe.] Cactus (Paris) 1947 (12): 5–10, figures 1–4.
  15. Boiteau, P. & Allorge-Boiteau, L. (1995) Kalanchoe (Crassulacées) de Madagascar. Systématique, écophysiologie et phytochimie. ICSN, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, Éditions Karthala, Paris, 252 pp.
  16. Boiteau, P. & Mannoni, O. (1948a [janvier-février]) Les Kalanchoe (suite). Section I. Kitchingia. [§ 1. Sylvaticae and § 2. Campanulatae.] (à suivre). Cactus (Paris) 1948 (13): 7–10, figures 1–6.
  17. Boiteau, P. & Mannoni, O. (1948b [octobre–décembre]) Les Kalanchoe (suite). [§ 4. Epidendrae; Kalanchoe porphyrocalyx (Baker) Baill. and Kalanchoe uniflora Raym.-Hamet (in the key).] (à suivre). Cactus (Paris) 1948 (17–18): 57–58, two unnumbered figures.
  18. Byalt, V.V. (2008) New combinations in the genera Bryophyllum and Kalanchoë (Crassulaceae). Botanicheskii Zhurnal 93 (3): 461–465. (In Russian).
  19. Candolle, A.P., de. (1802 [June–July]) Plantarum historia succulentarum. Histoire des plantes grasses. Vol. 2. Part 17. [Plate 100. Kalanchoe laciniata DC.] A.J. Dugour & Durand, Paris, 121 pp. & 49 plates. [Plantes grasses de P.J. Redouté peintre du Muséum National D’histoire naturelle, Décrites par A.P. Decandolle, Membre de la Société des Sciences Naturelles Genève, etc. Livraison. Prix, 3o francs la Livraison.—Il en paraîtra une aque mois. A. Paris, Chez Garnery, Libraire, rue de Seine, ancien Hôtel Mirabeau, Ant. Aug. Renouard, Libraire, rue S. André-des-Arcs, n°. 42. A Paris et à Strasbourg, chez les frères Levrault, Libraires. AN X.] [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/9909#page/8/mode/1up]
  20. Conte, C.A. (2004) Highland sanctuary: environmental history in Tanzania’s Usambara Mountains. Series in Ecology and History, Series Editor J.L.A. Webb. Ohio University Press, Athens, Ohio, U.S.A., 215 pp.
  21. Costantin, J.N. & Poisson, H.L. (1908 [juillet–décembre]) Botanique.—Katafa, Geaya et Macrocalyx, trois plantes nouvelles de Madagascar. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences [Paris] 147: 635–637. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/28500#page/699/mode/1up]
  22. Descoings, B. (2003) Kalanchoe. In: Eggli, U. (Ed.) Illustrated handbook of succulent plants: Crassulaceae. Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg, pp. 143–181.
  23. Descoings, B. (2006) Le genre Kalanchoe structure et définition. Journal de Botanique de la Société Botanique de France 33: 3–28 + two figures. https://doi.org/10.3406/jobot.2006.2006
  24. Descoings, B. (2007 [mai]) Une nouvelle définition du genre Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae). Succulentes (France) 2007/2: 7–16 + two figures and two plates. [https://www.cactuspro.com/biblio/fr:succulentes]
  25. Drake del Castillo, E. (1903) Note sur les plantes recueillies par M. Guillaume Grandidier dans le sud de Madagascar, en 1898 et 1901. (A suivre). Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 9: 35–46. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42893852#page/45/mode/1up]
  26. Eggli, U. (Ed.) (2003) ‘Contents’ page and List of abbreviations and symbols. In: Eggli, U. (Ed.) Illustrated handbook of succulent plants: Crassulaceae. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. VII–X; whole work 458 pp. + XLVIII plates. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55874-0
  27. Han, S., Zhang, S., Yi, R., Bi, D., Ding, H., Yang, J., Ye, Y., Xu, W., Wu, L., Zhuo, R. & Kan, X. (2024) Phylogenomics and plastomics offer new evolutionary perspectives on Kalanchoideae (Crassulaceae). Annals of Botany 133 (4): 585–604. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcae017
  28. Harvey, W.H. (1862) Order LIII. Crassulaceae, D.C. VIII. Kalanchoe, Adans. In: W.H. Harvey & O.W. Sonder, Flora capensis [being a systematic description of the plants of the Cape Colony, Caffraria, & Port Natal] 2. L. Reeve & Co., Ltd, Kent, pp. 378–380. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/15233#page/386/mode/1up]
  29. Hamet, R. (1907 [novembre]) Monographie du genre Kalanchoe. (A suivre. [To be continued]). Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, 2me sér., 7 (11): 869 [1]–900 [32]. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/105267#page/939/mode/1up]
  30. Hamet, R. (1908 [janvier]) Monographie du genre Kalanchoe1 (Suite et fin. [Continuation and end], with Errata on p. 17). Bulletin de l’Herbier Boissier, 2me sér., 8 (1): 17 [33]–48 [64]. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/104945#page/31/mode/1up]
  31. Hamet, R. (1910 [Janvier]) Sur quelques Kalanchoe peu connus (Suite). Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France [Tome Cinquante-Septième], Quatrième serie—Tome X, Quatrième series 57: 49–54. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/8679#page/87/mode/1up]
  32. Humbert, [J.-]H. (1933) Kalanchoe (Crassulacées) nouveux ou peu connus de Madagascar. Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, sér. 2, 5 (2): 163–170. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/213935#page/175/mode/1up]
  33. IPNI. (2024 onwards) The International Plant Names Index. Available from: https://www.ipni.org/ (accessed April 2024)
  34. Klotzsch, J.F. (1861 ‘1862’) Contortae. Endlicher. Meristostylus Klotzsch. In: Peters, W.C.H. (Ed.) Naturwissenschaftliche Reise nach Mossambique: auf Befehl Seiner Majestät des Königs Friedrich Wilhelm IV, in den Jahren 1842 bis 1848 ausgeführt von Wilhelm C.H. Peters. Botanik. [...]. I. Abtheilung. [Volume 6, in two parts.] Druck und Verlag von Georg Reimer, Berlin, pp. 267–270; whole work iv + 304 pp. + 48 plates. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36335691#page/270/mode/1up]
  35. Koorders, S.H. (1919 [Mai] [24 October 1918]) Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Flora von Java No. 18. Beschreibung von Kalanchoë Schumacheri vom Idjen-Plateau und Revision der Crassulaceae von Java. (Mit 2 lithographischen Tafeln.). Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, sér. 3, 1 (3): 169–180, Figures 14 and 15. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/27173#page/205/mode/1up (text); https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/27173#page/243/mode/1up (figures)]
  36. Lamarck, J-B.P.A. de M. de. (1786 [16 October]) Encyclopédie méthodique. Botanique. Tome second, 1. Chez Panckoucke, Libraire, Hôtel de Thou, rue des Poitevins, Paris, and Chez Plomteux, Imprimeur des Etats, Liège, 774 pp. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/15260#page/144/mode/1up]
  37. Lawrence, G.H.M. (1970) Taxonomy of vascular plants, 11th printing. The Macmillan Company, New York and Toronto, Ontario, 823 pp.
  38. Lemaire, [A.]C. (1852) Genre nouveau de la familie des Crassulacées. Adromischus. Jardin Fleuriste; Journal General des Progres et des Interets Horticoles et Botaniques, Ghent [Miscellanées] 2: 58–61. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/274797#page/292/mode/1up]
  39. Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species plantarum, exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas. Volumes 1 and 2. Salvius, Stockholm, 560 pp. [volume 1] and 1200 pp. [total]; indices not paginated. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.669
  40. Linnaeus, C. filius (1782 [April] ‘1781’) Supplementum plantarum systematis vegetabilium editionis decimæ tertiæ, generum plantarum editiones sextæ, et specierum plantarum editionis secundæ. Editum a Carolo a Linné. Impensis Orphanotrophei, Brunsvigae [Braunschweig], 467 pp. [‘Emendanda’ page not numbered]. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.555
  41. Lloyd, C. (2021) The adventurous gardener. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, an imprint of The Orion Publishing Group Ltd, London, 231 pp.
  42. Maire, R. (1977) Kalanchoe Adanson (1763) Rosales: Crassulaceae. In: Quézel, P.[A.] (Ed.) Flore de l’Afrique de Nord (Maroc, Algérie, Tunisie, Tripolitaine, Cyrénaïque et Sahara). Vol. XIV. Rhoeadales: Cruciferae fin Resedaceae. Sarraceniales: Droseraceae. Rosales: Crassulaceae. Éditions Paul Lechevalier éditeur S.A.R.L., 19, rue Augereau, 19, Paris, pp. 239–241, 251–252, 263. [https://archive.org/details/flore-afrique-du-nord/Vol%2014%20Flore%20de%20l%27Afrique%20Du%20Nord%20Maroc%20Algerie%20Tunisie%20Tripolitaine%20Cyrenaique%20Et%20Sahara%20R-Maire-1977/page/n119/mode/2up]
  43. Miller, A.G. (1996) Family 60. Crassulaceae. 4. Kalanchoe Adans. In: Miller, A.G., Cope, T.A. & Nyberg, J.A. (Eds.) Flora of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra. Vol. 1. Edinburgh University Press in association with the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Edinburgh, pp. 468–476.
  44. Persoon, C.H. (1805 [1 April–15 June 1805]) Synopsis plantarum, seu enchiridium botanicum, complectens enumerationem systematicam specierum hucusque cognitorum. Pars prima. Apud Carol. Frid. Cramerum, Parisiis lutetiorum [Paris] et apud J.G. Cottam, Tubingæ [London], pp. 445–446; whole work 546 pp. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/11125#page/458/mode/1up]
  45. Raymond-Hamet. (1916) Sur un groupe de transition reliant le genre Kalanchoe au genre Cotyledon. Revue Générale de Botanique, Paris XXVIII: 80–84. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45180#page/83/mode/1up]
  46. Raymond-Hamet. (1933) Observations sur le Kalanchoe uniflora (Stapf) Raymond-Hamet. Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 80 (4): 542–548. https://doi.org/10.1080/00378941.1933.10833878
  47. Raymond-Hamet. (1941) Sur la présence dans la region de l’Usambara d’une plante considérée jusqu’ici comme une endémique malgache. Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 88 (4–6): 488–492. https://doi.org/10.1080/00378941.1941.10834260
  48. Raymond-Hamet & Marnier-Lapostolle, J. (1964) Le genre Kalanchoe au Jardin Botanique “Les Cèdres”. Archives du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Septième Série, Tome VIII: 1–110; Plates I–XXXVII. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/280857#page/21/mode/1up]
  49. Raymond-Hamet & Perrier de la Bâthie, [J.M.]H.[A.]. (1914) Nouvelle contribution à l’étude des Crassulacées malgaches. Annales du Musée Colonial de Marseille, sér. 3, 2: 113–207. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23004#page/551/mode/1up]
  50. Resende, F. (1956) Híbridos intergenéricos e interespecíficos em Kalanchoideae [sic; Kalanchooideae] 1. Boletim da Sociedade Portuguesa de Ciências Naturais, sér. 2, 6: 241–244.
  51. Rodewald, S.E., Klein, D.-P., Shtein, R., Smith, G.F., Letsara, R. & Kadereit, G. (2024) S.267.5 A phylogenetic framework for the model genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae). [S.267 Phylogenetics and phylogenomics. Session 2. pp. 816–819.] In: XXth International Botanical Congress (IBC). July, 21st–27th, 2024. Book of Abstracts. Oral presentations. Fase 20 Ediciones, C/ Narváez, 15- 1o Izqda.- 28009, Madrid, pp. 818. [883 pp.]
  52. Salisbury, R.A. (1805 [1 June 1805]) The Paradisus Londinensis: or coloured figures of plants cultivated in the vicinity of the metropolis 1. Published by William Hooker, No. 6, Frith Street, city not stated, presumably London, 157 pp. & 117 plates. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.53520
  53. Scott Elliot, G.F. (1891 [22 August]) New and little known Madagascar plants, collected and enumerated by G.F. Scott Elliot, M.A., B.Sc. F.L.S. The Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany XXIX (197): 1–67, with Plates I–XII. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/8386#page/9/mode/1up]
  54. Shtein, R. & Smith, G.F. (2021) Kalanchoe torrejacqii (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a new species in K. subg. Bryophyllum from the Namorona River valley, Madagascar. Phytotaxa 498 (3): 205–212. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.498.3.6
  55. Silva, V., Figueiredo, E. & Smith, G.F. (2015) Alien succulents naturalised and cultivated on the central west coast of Portugal. Bradleya 33: 58–81. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n33.2015.a10
  56. Smith, G.F. (2020a) Nomenclature of the partial infrageneric classification proposed for Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) by René C.J.E. Maire in 1976 [sic; 1977]. Phytotaxa 468 (2): 231–235. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.468.2.8
  57. Smith, G.F. (2020b) The kalanchoes (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) of Raymond-Hamet (1890–1972). Bradleya 38: 120–140. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n38.2020.a15
  58. Smith, G.F. (2020c) Kalanchoe Adans. subg. Fernandesiae Gideon F.Sm. (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a new subgenus from southern and south-tropical Africa. Haseltonia 27: 2–7. https://doi.org/10.2985/026.027.0101
  59. Smith, G.F. (2020d) Typification of the infrageneric names published in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) by Alwin Berger. Phytotaxa 453 (1): 52–54. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.453.1.6
  60. Smith, G.F. (2021) Reinstatement of Kalanchoe [subg. Bryophyllum] sect. Alatae (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) for K. porphyrocalyx and K. uniflora, two Madagascan endemics. Bradleya 39: 177–181. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n39.2021.a17
  61. Smith, G.F. (2022a) A review of the cytotaxonomy of Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) with reference to evolutionary trends in the genus. Phytotaxa 560 (2): 153–185. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.2.2
  62. Smith, G.F. (2022b) A review of the ecology and natural history of Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) in southern Africa. Bradleya 40: 161–184. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n40.2022.a15
  63. Smith, G.F. (2022c) Kalanchoe sect. Raveta (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) of Raymond-Hamet (1916): a long-overlooked name in K. subg. Kalanchoe. Phytotaxa 550 (2): 208–212. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.550.2.10
  64. Smith, G.F. (2022d) Of paddles, soup plates, and clubs: the taxonomy of the southern and south-tropical African Kalanchoe sect. Raveta (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae; Kalanchoe subg. Kalanchoe) and its constituent species. Phytotaxa 568 (1): 8–26. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.568.1.2
  65. Smith, G.F. (2022e) Date and place of publication and author attribution of the combination Kalanchoe sect. Raveta (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae). Phytotaxa 560 (1): 131–134. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.560.1.12
  66. Smith, G.F. (2022f) Notes on Kalanchoe subg. Bryophyllum (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) and the kalanchoes of Sijfert H. Koorders (1919). Phytotaxa 549 (1): 87–96. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.549.1.7
  67. Smith, G.F. (2023a) A review of exotic Kalanchoe taxa (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) naturalised and cultivated in Africa and the Gulf of Guinea islands, with their nomenclature updated. Phytotaxa 613 (1): 1–28. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.613.1.1
  68. Smith, G.F. (2023b) A review of the infrageneric classifications proposed for Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) from the earliest times up to 2000. Phytotaxa 619 (1): 1–38. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.619.1.1
  69. Smith, G.F. (2023c) A nomenclatural and taxonomic review of the names and new combination published between 1886 and 1931 in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) by British botanist Nicholas Edward Brown (1849–1934). Phytotaxa 630 (4): 266–280. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.630.4.2
  70. Smith, G.F. (2023d) Kalanchoe sect. Streptanthae (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a new two-species section in K. subg. Bryophyllum. Phytotaxa 609 (4): 273–281. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.609.4.3
  71. Smith, G.F. (2023e) The ‘woody clade’ in Kalanchoe: reinstatement and amendment of K. subg. Calophygia (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) published by Bernard Marie Descoings in 2006. Phytotaxa 616 (2): 113–127. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.616.2.1
  72. Smith, G.F. (2023f) A reassessment of combinations previously proposed or published for Kalanchoe subg. Alatae (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) and its valid publication at the rank of subgenus. Phytotaxa 585 (1): 61–66. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.585.1.7
  73. Smith, G.F. (2023g) Kalanchoe deliae (K. [subg. Kalanchoe] sect. Raveta; Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a new species from the Barberton Centre of Endemism in northeastern southern Africa. Phytotaxa 632 (2): 131–142. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.632.2.3
  74. Smith, G.F. (2024a) A review and analysis of the infrageneric classifications published or used for Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) from 2001 to the present, with reference to those published up to 2000. Phytotaxa 635 (4): 245–275. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.635.4.1
  75. Smith, G.F. (2024b) Chapter 20. Breeding kalanchoes (Kalanchoe Adans.) for landscaping: current initiatives and future prospects. In: Al-Khayri, J.M., Jain, S.M. & Wani, M.A. (Eds.) Advances in plant breeding strategies. Volume 14. Ornamental crops: potted plants and shrubs. Springer Nature, Cham, Switzerland, AG. [In press]
  76. Smith, G.F. (2024c) A review and analysis of the nomenclature and taxonomy of the genus-rank synonyms of Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) published between 1763 and 1956. Phytotaxa 659 (3): 236–254. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.659.3.2
  77. Smith, G.F. (2024d) A review and analysis of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the Kalanchoe species (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, botanist John Gilbert Baker (1834–1920), all of which were published in the late-19th century. [Submitted]
  78. Smith, G.F. (2024e) A review and analysis of names published for species and varieties of Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) by Adolf Engler (1844–1930) between 1892 and 1913. Phytotaxa. [In press]
  79. Smith, G.F. (2024f) Notes on the nomenclature of the genus name Vereia, the earliest-published synonym of Kalanchoe, and the species published in Vereia (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae). Phytotaxa 636 (1): 20–34. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.636.1.2
  80. Smith, G.F. (2024g) The unranked infrageneric names validly published in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) by Alwin Berger in 1930 revisited, with publication of five names at the rank of section and one at the rank of subgenus. Phytotaxa 635 (4): 276–286. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.635.4.2
  81. Smith, G.F. (2024h) Revisiting the nomenclature and taxonomy of the Malagasy Kalanchoe uniflora (K. subg. Alatae; Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), which has Kitchingia uniflora as its basionym, and its homotypic and heterotypic synonyms. Phytotaxa 645 (1): 66–76. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.645.1.6
  82. Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2018a) Nomenclatural notes on Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. (Crassulaceae). Bradleya 36: 220–223. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n36.2018.a18
  83. Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2018b) The infrageneric classification and nomenclature of Kalanchoe Adans. (Crassulaceae), with special reference to the southern African species. Bradleya 36: 162–172. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n36.2018.a10
  84. Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2021a) The floristics and phytogeography of Kalanchoe Adans. (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) in the Waterberg Biosphere Reserve, northern South Africa. Bradleya 39: 207–220. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n39.2021.a22
  85. Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2021b) The taxonomy and nomenclature of Kalanchoe streptantha Baker (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae). Bradleya 39: 195–201. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.n39.2021.a20
  86. Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2022) Kalanchoe klopperae (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a southern African species newly distinguished from K. rotundifolia. Novon 30: 104–109. https://doi.org/10.3417/2022780
  87. Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2023) A review and analysis of the use of epithets in infrageneric, species, and infraspecific names in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae): trends in the plant naming game. Phytotaxa 618 (3): 213–242. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.618.3.1
  88. Smith, G.F. & Figueiredo, E. (2024) A review and analysis of the early nomenclature and taxonomy associated with the genus name Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), published by Michel Adanson (1727–1806) in 1763, with notes on the late-18th century taxonomy of the genus. Phytotaxa 633 (2): 108–124. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.633.2.2
  89. Smith, G.F., Figueiredo, E. & Oberlander, K. (2022) A review and update of the conservation status of Kalanchoe species (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) in the Flora of Southern Africa region. Bradleya 2022 (sp40): 181–193. https://doi.org/10.25223/brad.sp40.2022.a18
  90. Smith, G.F., Figueiredo, E. & Van Wyk, A.E. (2019) Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) in southern Africa. Classification, biology, and cultivation. Academic Press, an imprint of Elsevier, London, San Diego, Cambridge (U.S.A.), and Oxford, 328 pp. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2017-0-00602-X
  91. Smith, G.F., Figueiredo, E. & Walker, C.C. (2021b) Kalanchoe beharensis. Crassulaceae: Kalanchooideae. Madagascar. Flowering Plants of Africa 67: 50–59, plate 2365.
  92. Smith, G.F., Klein, D.-P. & Shtein, R. (2021c) A revision of the Malagasy Kalanchoe subg. Kitchingia (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae): history, taxonomy, and nomenclature. Phytotaxa 507 (1): 67–80. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.507.1.3
  93. Smith, G.F. & Monro, A.M. (2022a) The nomenclature and taxonomy of Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae resolved. Phytotaxa 555 (3): 241–251. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.555.3.3
  94. Smith, G.F. & Monro, A.M. (2022b) (2908) Proposal to reject the name Crassulaceae subfam. Cotyledonoideae (Crassulaceae). Taxon 71 (4): 910–911. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.12778
  95. Smith, G.F. & Monro, A.M. (2024) “Parting is such sweet sorrow [...]”, or the perils of publishing papers in parts: the case of the nomenclatural novelties published by Raymond Hamet (1890–1972) in his two-part monograph (1907, 1908) of Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), with special reference to the new names and new combinations treated (but not first published) in part 2. Phytotaxa 645 (2): 149–162. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.645.2.4
  96. Smith, G.F. & Monro, A.M. (Submitted) The name to use for the subfamily in which Kalanchoe is included is Crassulaceae subfam. Cotyledonoideae, no longer Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae, with amendment of the circumscription of Crassulaceae subfam. Cotyledonoideae. Phytotaxa.
  97. Smith, G.F., Parihar, B. & Almeida, A.M.R. (2023) A review of growth form and plant duration (life cycle) in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) in an evolutionary and classificatory framework. Phytotaxa 592 (3): 217–254. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.592.3.3
  98. Smith, G.F. & Shtein, R. (2021a) A review of horticulturally desirable characters in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae): variable and deviating vegetative and reproductive morphologies useful in breeding programmes. Haseltonia 28: 106–119. https://doi.org/10.2985/026.028.0110
  99. Smith, G.F. & Shtein, R. (2021b) Taxonomic notes on Kalanchoe porphyrocalyx (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) and its horticultural derivatives. Phytotaxa 478 (2): 225–238. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.478.2.4
  100. Smith, G.F., Shtein, R. & Klein, D.-P. (2021d) Kalanchoe subg. Alatae (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a new rank for K. sect. Alatae. Phytotaxa 509 (2): 255–258. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.509.2.9
  101. Smith, G.F., Shtein, R., Klein, D.-P., Parihar, B., Almeida, A., Rodewald, S. & Kadereit, G. (2021a) Special Review. Sexual and asexual reproduction in Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae): a review of known and newly recorded strategies. Haseltonia 28: 2–22. https://doi.org/10.2985/026.028.0101
  102. Stapf, O. (1908) 943. Kitchingia uniflora Stapf [Crassulaceae]. In: Anonymous, XXXIV.—Diagnoses africanae: XXIII. [Species 940–950] [Kitchingia uniflora Stapf on pp. 258–259]. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Royal Gardens, Kew 1908 (6): 257–262. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11624747#page/266/mode/1up]
  103. Stapf, O. (1909 [November]) Kitchingia uniflora. Madagascar. Crassulaceae. Curtis’s Botanical Magazine [volume 135 of the whole series] 4th ser., 5: Tab. 8286. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14261#page/227/mode/1up]
  104. Stearn, W.T. (1985) Botanical Latin. History, grammar, syntax, terminology and vocabulary, 3rd revised edition, new impression. David & Charles (Publishers) Limited, Newton Abbot and London (U.K.), North Pomfret, Vermont (Vt), U.S.A., 566 pp.
  105. Tölken, H.R. (1978) New taxa and new combinations in Cotyledon and allied genera. Bothalia 12 (3): 377–393. https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v12i3.1794
  106. Tölken, H.R. (1979) A re-evaluation of the Cotyledon orbiculata complex. Bothalia 12 (4): 615–620. https://doi.org/10.4102/abc.v12i4.1425
  107. Tölken, H.R. (1985) Crassulaceae. 3166, 4. Kalanchoe. 3166a, 5. Bryophyllum. In: Leistner, O.A. (Ed.) Flora of Southern Africa 14. Botanical Research Institute, Department of Agriculture and Water Supply, place of publication not stated, likely Pretoria, pp. 61–74.
  108. Trattinnick, L. (1821) Auswahl vorzüglich schöner, seltener, berühmter, und sonst sehr merkwürdiger Gartenpflanzen, in getreuen Abbildungen: nebst Erläuterungen über ihre Charakteristik, Verwandtschaft, Klassiffikazion, Geschichte, Verwendung, Cultur, und ästhetischen Ansichten. Band 1. [Baumgartenia Tratt. on p. 110.] Auf Kosten des Herausgebers [At the publisher’s expense], Wien [Vienna], 148 pp. [https://www.google.de/books/edition/Auswahl_vorz%C3%BCglich_sch%C3%B6ner_seltener_be/Pz9RAAAAcAAJ?hl=de&gbpv=0]
  109. Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten, [Regnum vegetabile 159], 254 pp. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018
  110. Vest, L.C. von (1820 [14. Juli]) I. Aufsätze. Botanische Bemerkungen. Von. Hrn Prof. Dr. v. Vest. Saxifraga—mihi videtur S. caesiae var. Flora[; oder, (allgemeine) botanische Zeitung Regensburg, Jena] 3 (2, 26): 397–410. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/894#page/21/mode/1up]
  111. Watson, W. [as “W.W.”] (1902 [24 May]) New and interesting plants. Kalanchoe kewensis. Ornithogalum kewense. Cymbidium rhodochilum. Pitcairnea cœrulea. The Garden (London, 1871–1927) [an illustrated weekly journal of horticulture in all its branches] 61 ([Volume LXI] No. 1529): 338–339. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/79275#page/356/mode/1up]
  112. Wilson, K.L. (2024 [3 July]) Report of the General Committee: 31. Taxon 73 (4): 1081–1084. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.13224