Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Responsive image
Issue: Vol. 664 No. 4: 12 Sept. 2024
Type: Article
Published: 2024-09-12
DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.664.4.1
Page range: 229-248
Abstract views: 108
PDF downloaded: 8

New orchids in the flora of Vietnam IX (Orchidaceae: Orchidoideae, tribes Cranichideae and Orchideae)

Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2, Prof. Popov Street, 197022, St. Petersburg, Russia
Institute of Applied Technology, Thu Dau Mot University, No. 6, Tran Van On Street, Phu Hoa Ward, Thu Dau Mot City, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam
Mientrung Institute for Scientific Research, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 321, Huynh Thuc Khang Street, Hue City, Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam
Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 85, Tran Quoc Toan Street, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Department of Higher Plants, Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1, 12, Leninskie Gory, 119234, Moscow, Russia. Joint Russian-Vietnamese Tropical Scientific and Technological Center, 63, Nguyen Van Huyen Street, Cau Giay District, 122000, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2, Prof. Popov Street, 197022, St. Petersburg, Russia
Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2, Prof. Popov Street, 197022, St. Petersburg, Russia
Vietnam National University of Forestry, Xuan Mai, Chuong My, Hanoi, Vietnam
Tay Nguyen Institute for Scientific Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Dalat, Vietnam
endemism nature conservation new national records new species plant diversity plant invasions plant taxonomy Monocots

Abstract

The paper presents new data on the orchid diversity of Vietnam obtained mainly during the fieldwork of 2020–2023, as well as a result of investigation of the herbarium collections of Russia and Vietnam. It includes two species new to science, Bidoupia micrantha and Hylophila vietnamensis, and three species new to the native flora of Vietnam, i.e. Diphylax urceolata, Disperis neilgherrensis, and Habenaria siamensis. Three genera, Diphylax, Disperis and Hylophila, are reported here for the flora of Vietnam for the first time. In addition, a newly naturalized species Cynorkis fastigiata is documented, which originates from the Comoros, Madagascar, the Seychelles, and the Mascarenes. For each of the studied species, its type, relevant synonyms, studied specimens, ecology and phenology (within Vietnam), distribution, preliminarily assessed conservation status, brief taxonomic notes and illustrations are provided. For the newly described taxa, morphological descriptions and notes on etymology are additionally included.

References

  1. Aiton, W.T. (1813) Hortus Kewensis, or, A catalogue of the plants cultivated in the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew. Vol. 5. Longman, London, 568 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.105339
  2. Aung, Y.L., Mu, A.T., Aung, M.H., Liu, Q. & Jin, X.H. (2020) An annotated checklist of Myanmar orchid flora. In: Jin, X-H., Xia, N-H. & Tan, Y-H. (Eds.) Plant diversity of Southeast Asia-II. PhytoKeys 138: 49–112. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.138.36144
  3. Averyanov, L.V. (1983) A new species of the genus Cynorkis (Orchidaceae) from the Seychelles. Botanical Journal (Moscow & Leningrad) 68 (11): 1566–1568. [in Russian]
  4. Averyanov, L.V. & Kudryavtzeva, E.P. (1987) Contribution to a study of the flora end vegetation of Seychelles. Komarov Botanical Institute, Leningrad, 143 pp. [in Russian]
  5. Averyanov, L.V., Ormerod, P.A., Nong, V.D., Tran, V.T., Chen, T. & Zhang, D.-X. (2016a) Bidoupia phongii, new orchid genus and species (Orchidaceae, Orchidoideae, Goodyerinae) from southern Vietnam. Phytotaxa 266 (4): 289–294. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.266.4.6
  6. Averyanov, L.V., Nong, V.D., Nguyen, K.S., Maisak, T.V., Nguyen, V.C., Phan, Q.T., Nguyen, P.T., Nguyen, T.T. & Truong, B.V. (2016b) New species of orchids (Orchidaceae) in the flora of Vietnam. Taiwania 61 (4): 319–354. https://doi.org/10.6165/tai.2016.61.319
  7. Averyanov, L.V., Nguyen, V.C., Nguyen, K.S., Maisak, T.V. & Truong, B.V. (2019a) New orchids (Orchidaceae) in the flora of Vietnam I. Epidendroideae. Taiwania 64 (2): 176–188. https://doi.org/10.6165/tai.2019.64.176
  8. Averyanov, L.V., Truong, B.V., Nguyen, V.C., Nguyen, K.S. & Maisak, T.V. (2019b) New orchids (Orchidaceae) in the flora of Vietnam II. Vandeae. Taiwania 64 (3): 285–298. https://doi.org/10.6165/tai.2019.64.285
  9. Averyanov, L.V., Truong, B.V., Nguyen, V.C., Maisak, T.V., Dinh, Q.D., Nuraliev, M.S., Nguyen, K.S. & Chu, V.T. (2020) New orchids in the flora of Vietnam III (Collabieae, Malaxideae, Nervilieae and Orchideae). Taiwania 65 (4): 478‒492. https://doi.org/10.6165/tai.2020.65.478
  10. Averyanov, L.V., Thai, T.H., Truong, B.V., Nguyen, V.C., Nguyen, T.H., Maisak, T.V., Nguyen, K.S. & Nguyen, V.K. (2022a) New orchids in the flora of Vietnam IV (Orchidaceae, Aeridinae). Phytotaxa 555 (2): 113–135. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.555.2.1
  11. Averyanov, L.V., Thai, T.H., Nguyen, V.C., Truong, B.V., Maisak, T.V., Doan, N.T. & Nguyen, K.S. (2022b) New orchids in the flora of Vietnam V (Orchidaceae, Aeridinae). Phytotaxa 572 (1): 43–60. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.572.1.3
  12. Averyanov, L.V., Nguyen, V.C., Truong, B.V., Nguyen, K.S., Nguyen, C.H., Maisak, T.V., Doan, N.T., Nguyen, T.H., Pham, V.T., Thanh, P.T., Thai, T.H., Nguyen, V.K. & Trinh, N.B. (2023a) New orchids in the flora of Vietnam VI (Orchidaceae, tribes Arethuseae, Cymbidieae, Diurideae, Epidendreae, Vandeae, and Vanilleae). Phytotaxa 597 (2): 87–110. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.597.2.1
  13. Averyanov, L.V., Nguyen, V.C., Truong, B.V., Nguyen, K.S., Nuraliev, M.S., Nguyen, C.H., Ormerod, P.A., Maisak, T.V., Diep, D.Q., Lyskov, D.F. & Nong, D.V. (2023b) New orchids in the flora of Vietnam VII (Orchidaceae: tribes Cypripedieae, Cranichideae, Orchideae, and Collabieae). Phytotaxa 619 (4): 255–276. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.619.4.1
  14. Averyanov, L.V., Nguyen, V.C., Vuong, T.B., Nuraliev, M.S., Nguyen, K.S., Maisak, T.V., Yudova, D.A., Saidov, N.T., Nguyen, C.H. & Nong, D.V. (2024) New orchids in the flora of Vietnam VIII (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae, tribes Malaxideae, Neottieae and Podochileae). Phytotaxa 658 (1): 1–49. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.658.1.1
  15. Banerji, M.L. (1996) Orchids of Nepal. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, 135 pp.
  16. Bateman, R.M., James, K.E., Luo, Y.B., Lauri, R.K., Fulcher, T., Cribb, P.J. & Chase, M.W. (2009) Molecular phylogenetics and morphological reappraisal of the Platanthera clade (Orchidaceae: Orchidinae) prompts expansion of the generic limits of Galearis and Platanthera. Annals of Botany 104 (3): 431–445. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcp089
  17. Beentje, H. (2016) The Kew Plant Glossary: an illustrated dictionary of plant terms (ed. 2). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, 184 pp.
  18. Bose, T.K. & Bhattacharjee, S.K. (1980) Orchids of India. Naya Prokash, Calcutta, 538 pp.
  19. Bose, T.K., Bhattacharjee, S.K., Das, P. & Basak, U.C. (1999) Orchids of India. Naya Prokash, Calcutta, 487 pp.
  20. Chang-Yang, C.H., Su, M.H., Chiang, P.H. & Hsieh, C.F. (2022) Updating the checklist of the naturalized flora in Taiwan. Taiwania 67 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.6165/tai.2022.67.1
  21. Chase, M.W., Cameron, K.M., Freudenstein, J.V., Pridgeon, A.M., Salazar, G., van den Berg, C. & Schuiteman, A. (2015) An updated classification of Orchidaceae. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 177 (2): 151–174. https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12234
  22. Chen, S. & Tsi, Z. (1998) The orchids of China. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, 356 pp. [in Chinese]
  23. Chen, S., Tsi, Z. & Luo, Y. (1999) Native orchids of China in colour. Science Press, Beijing, New York, 416 pp.
  24. Chen, S., Tsi, Z. & Luo, Y. (2007) Native orchids of China in colour. Science Press, Beijing, 416 pp.
  25. Chen, S.C., Liu, Z.J., Luo, Y.B., Jin, X.H. & Tsi, Z.H. (2009a) Native orchids of China in colour. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, 368 pp.
  26. Chen, S.C., Liu, Z.J., Zhu, G.H., Lang, K.Y., Ji, Z.H., Luo, Y.B., Jin, X.H., Cribb, P.J., Wood, J.J., Gale, S.W., Ormerod, P., Vermeulen, J.J., Wood, H.P., Clayton, D. & Bell, A. (2009b) Orchidaceae. In: Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D. (Eds.) Flora of China, vol. 25. Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, pp. 211–235.
  27. Clarke, C.B. (1889) On the plants of Kohima and Muneypore. The Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany 25 (165–169): 1–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1889.tb00793.x
  28. Comber, J.B. (1990) Orchids of Java. Bentham-Moxon Trust, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 407 pp.
  29. Comber, J.B. (2001) Orchids of Sumatra. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1026 pp.
  30. Deva, S. & Naithani, H.B. (1986) The orchid flora of North-West Himalaya. Print & Media Associates, New Delhi, 459 pp.
  31. Downie, D.G. (1925) Contributions to flora of Siam. Additamentum XVII. Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) 1925 (10): 404–423. https://doi.org/10.2307/4115102
  32. Dressler, R. (1981) The orchids. Natural history and classification. Harvard University Press, Cambridge etc., 332 pp.
  33. Dressler, R. (1993) Phylogeny and classification of the orchid family. Dioscorides Press, Portland, 314 pp.
  34. Du Puy, D., Cribb, P., Bosser, J., Hermans, J. & Hermans, C. (1999) The orchids of Madagascar. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 376 pp.
  35. Efimov, P.G. (2016) A revision of Platanthera (Orchidaceae: Orchidoideae; Orchidaceae) in Asia. Phytotaxa 254: 1–233. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.254.1.1
  36. Fischer, C.E.C. (1928) Flora of the Presidency of Madras. Part 8. West, Newman and Adlard, London, pp. 1347–1532.
  37. Fukuyama, N. (1936) Studia orchidacearum Japonicarum. VIII. Orchidaceae Formosae et Insulae Kôtô-syo movae atque criticae. Botanical Magazine (Tokyo) 50: 16–24. https://doi.org/10.15281/jplantres1887.50.16
  38. Gagnepain, F. & Guillaumin, A. (1932–1934) Orchidacées. In: Gagnepain, F. (Ed.) Flore générale de l’Indo-Chine 6. Masson et Cie., Paris, pp. 142–647.
  39. Gao, J., Liu, Q. & Yu, D. (2013) Orchidaceae in Xishuangbanna: Diversity and conservation. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing, 237 pp. [in Chinese]
  40. Haager, L.R. (1993) Some new taxa of orchids from southern Vietnam. Orchid Digest 57 (1): 39–44.
  41. Hermans, J. & Cribb, P. (2021) New combinations and other taxonomic changes for the forthcoming 'Flore des Mascareignes' Orchidaceae accounts. Lankesteriana 21 (2): 61–137. https://doi.org/10.15517/lank.v21i2.47156
  42. Holttum, R.E. (1964) A revised flora of Malaya. Vol. 1. Orchids of Malaya. 3rd ed. Government Printing Office, Singapore, 759 pp.
  43. Hooker, J.D. (1890) Order CXLVIII. Orchideae. In: Hooker, J.D. (Ed.) The flora of British India 6. L. Reeve & Co., London, pp. 1–198. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.678
  44. Hooker, J.D. (1889) Diphylax urceolata, Hook.f. Icones Plantarum 19: t. 1865.
  45. Hsu, T.C. (2016) Orchidaceae. In: Zhong, S.W. & Xu, T.Q. (Eds.) Illustrated Flora of Taiwan. Vol. 2. Owl Publishing House, Taipei.
  46. Hu, S.Y. (1972) Floristic studies in Hong Kong. Chung Chi Journal 11 (1): 1–25.
  47. Hu, S.Y. & Kong, S.L. (2011) 389. Orchidaceae. In: Hu, Q.M. & Wu, D.L. (Eds.) Flora of Hong Kong. Vol. 4. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, pp. 294–352.
  48. Hynniewta, T.M., Kataki, S.K. & Wadhwa, B.M. (2000) Orchids of Nagaland. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, 306 pp.
  49. IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee (2024) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 15.1. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. Available from: https://nc.iucnredlist.org/redlist/content/attachment_files/RedListGuidelines.pdf (accessed 18 April 2024)
  50. Jain, S.K. & Mehrotra, A. (1984) A preliminary inventory of Orchidaceae in India. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, 133 pp.
  51. Jalal, J.S. & Jayanthi, J. (2015) An annotated checklist of the orchids of Western Himalaya, India. Lankesteriana 15 (1): 7–50. https://doi.org/10.15517/lank.v15i1.18521
  52. Joseph, J. (1987) Orchids of Nilgiris. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, 186 pp.
  53. Kang, D.H., Cho, S.H., Ong, H.G., Ling, S.M., Kyaw, N.O., Kim, Y.D. & Kurzweil, H. (2019) Two new generic records in the orchid flora of Myanmar. Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 49 (1): 96–99. https://doi.org/10.11110/kjpt.2019.49.1.96
  54. King, G. & Pantling, R. (1898) The orchids of the Sikkim-Himalaya. Annals of the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta 8: 1–342, plates 1–448.
  55. Kurzweil, H. (2005) Taxonomic studies in the genus Disperis (Orchidaceae) in Southeast Asia. Blumea 50 (1): 143–152. https://doi.org/10.3767/000651905X623328
  56. Kurzweil, H. (2009) The genus Habenaria (Orchidaceae) in Thailand. Thai Forestry Bulletin (Botany) special issue: 7–105.
  57. Kurzweil, H. (2011) 15. Habenaria. In: Santisuk, T. & Larsen, K. (Eds.) Flora of Thailand 12 (1). The Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Bangkok, pp. 79–149.
  58. Kurzweil, H. & Manning, J.C. (2005) A synopsis of the genus Disperis Sw. (Orchidaceae). Adansonia 27 (2): 155–207.
  59. Lidén, M. & Bharali, P. (2019) Platanthera species with amphora-like spurs in NE India. Pleione 13 (1): 171–174. https://doi.org/10.26679/Pleione.13.1.201.171-174
  60. Lin, W.-M. & Wang, Y.-F. (2014) The wild orchids of Taiwan. An illustrated guide. KBCC Press, Gaoshu, 921 pp.
  61. Lin, T.-P. (2019) The orchid flora of Taiwan: A collection of line drawings. National Taiwan University Press, Taipei, 1032 pp.
  62. Lin, T.-P., Liu, H.-Y., Hsieh, C.-F. & Wang, K.-H. (2016) Complete list of the native orchids of Taiwan and their type information. Taiwania 61 (2): 78‒126. https://doi.org/10.6165/tai.2016.61.78
  63. Lindley, J. (1830–1840) The genera and species of orchidaceous plants. James Ridgway and Sons, London, 554 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.499
  64. Lindley, J. (1833) Sauroglossum elatum. Tall Lizard’s Tongue. Edwards’s Botanical Register 19: tab. 1618.
  65. Lindley, J. (1843) Angraecum vesicatum. Edwards’s Botanical Register 29: 6, Misc. 9.
  66. Morat, P. & Veillon, J.-M. (1985) Contributions à la conaissance de la végétation et de la flore de Wallis et Futuna. Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle. Section B, Adansonia 7 (3): 259–329.
  67. Ormerod, P. (2013) Orchidaceous additions to the flora of China (II). Taiwania 58 (1): 20–34. https://doi.org/10.6165/tai.2013.58.20
  68. Ormerod, P., Kurzweil, H. & Watthana, S. (2021) Annotated list of Orchidaceae for Myanmar. Phytotaxa 481 (1): 1–262. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.481.1.1
  69. Pearce, N.R. & Cribb, P.J. (2002) The orchids of Bhutan. The Charlesworth Group, Huddersfield, 643 pp.
  70. Pedersen, H.Æ. (2011a) 10. Disperis. In: Santisuk, T. & Larsen, K. (Eds.) Flora of Thailand 12 (1). The Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Bangkok, pp. 54–56.
  71. Pedersen, H.Æ. (2011b) 20. Hylophila. In: Santisuk, T. & Larsen, K. (Eds.) Flora of Thailand 12 (1). The Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Bangkok, pp. 169–170.
  72. Prasad (2023) The genus Platanthera (Orchidaceae) in India with two new species. Rheedea 33 (2): 31–52. https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.02.01
  73. Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.W. & Rasmussen, F.N. (Eds.) (2003) Genera Orchidacearum vol. 3: Orchidoideae part 2, Vanilloideae. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 358 pp. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198507116.001.0001
  74. Raskoti, B.B. (2009) The orchids of Nepal. Bhakta Bahadur Raskoti and Rita Ale, Kathmandu, 252 pp.
  75. Renz, J. & Vodonaivalu, S. (1989) Studies in the subtribe Habenariinae (Orchidaceae). IV. Habenaria, Peristylus, and Cynorkis from the Fiji Islands. Blumea 34 (1): 87–98.
  76. Richard, L.C.M. (1817) De Orchideis europaeis annotationes. Belin, Paris, 39 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.15465
  77. Rojchana-Umpawan, P., Chantanaorrapint, A. & Chantanaorrapint, S. (2015) A new species record of Hylophila (Orchidaceae) for Thailand. Thai Forestry Bulletin (Botany) 43: 66–69.
  78. Rokaya, M.B., Raskoti, B.B., Timsina, B. & Münzbergová, Z. (2013) An annotated checklist of the orchids of Nepal. Nordic Journal of Botany 31 (5): 511–550. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2013.01230.x
  79. Schlechter, R. (1906) XX. Orchidaceae novae et criticae. Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 2 (19/20): 81–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19060021902
  80. Schlechter, R. (1918) Versuch einer natürlichen Neuordnung der afrikanischen angraekoiden Orchidaeeen. Beihefte zum Botanischen Centralblatt 36 (2): 62–181.
  81. Seidenfaden, G. (1969) Contributions to the orchid flora of Thailand. Botanisk Tidsskrift 65 (1–2): 100–162.
  82. Seidenfaden, G. (1976) Contributions to the orchid flora of Thailand VII. Botanisk Tidsskrift 71 (1–2): 1–30.
  83. Seidenfaden, G. (1977) Orchid genera in Thailand 5. Orchidoideae. Dansk Botanisk Arkiv 31 (2): 1–149.
  84. Seidenfaden, G. (1978) Orchid genera in Thailand VI. Neottioideae Lindl. Dansk Botanisk Arkiv 32 (2): 1–195.
  85. Seidenfaden, G. & Smitinand, T. (1959–1965) The orchids of Thailand. A preliminary list. Siam Society, Bangkok, 870 pp.
  86. Seidenfaden, G. & Wood, J.J. (1992) The orchids of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Olsen & Olsen, Fredensborg, 779 pp.
  87. Simpson, M.G. (2019) Plant systematics. 3 ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam etc., 761 pp. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812628-8.50001-8
  88. Smith, J.J. (1914) Die Orchideen von Java. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg. Ser. 2, 14: 1–56.
  89. Su, H.J. (2000) Orchidaceae. In: Huang, T.C. (Ed.) Flora of Taiwan, 2nd ed., 5. Editorial Committee, Taipei, pp. 729–1086.
  90. Swartz, O. (1800) Orchidernes. Kongl. Vetenskaps Academiens nya Handlingar. Ser. 2, 21: 202–254.
  91. Thiers, B. (2023) [continuously updated] Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. Available from: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (accessed 20 February 2024)
  92. Thouars, A.A. du Petit (1809) Extrait de trois Mémoires lus à la première classe de l’Institut, sur l’histoire des plantes Orchidées des iles australes d’Afrique. Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences, Publie par la Société Philomatique de Paris 1 (19): 314–319.
  93. Thouars, A.A.du Petit (1822) Histoire particulière des plantes Orchidées recueillies sur les trois îles australes d’Afrique, de France, de Bourbon et de Madagascar. L’auteur, Paris, 110 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.492
  94. Turland, N.J., Wiersema, J.H., Barrie, F.R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T.W., McNeill, J., Monro, A.M., Prado, J., Price, M.J. & Smith, G.F. (Eds.) (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashütten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018
  95. Vietnam Administrative Atlas (2015) Vietnam Publishing House of Natural Resources, Environment and Cartography, Hanoi, 131 pp.
  96. Wight, R. (1851) Icones plantarum Indiae Orientalis: or figures of Indian plants. Vol. 5. J.B. Pharoah, Madras, 1920 pp.
  97. Willdenow, K.L. (1805) Species plantarum 4 (1). Impensis G.C. Nauk, Berolini, 629 pp.
  98. Xu, Z., Jiang, H., Ye, D. & Liu, E. (2010) The wild orchids in Yunnan. Yunnan Science and Technology Press, Kunming, 500 pp. [in Chinese]
  99. Yokota, M. (2016) Disperis Sw. In: Iwatsuki, K., Boufford, D.E. & Ohba, H. (Eds.) Flora of Japan. IVb. Kodansha LTD, Tokyo, pp. 225.
  100. Zhou, X., Cheng, Z., Liu, Q., Zhang, J., Hu, A., Huang, M., Hu, C. & Tian, H. (2016) An updated checklist of Orchidaceae for China, with two new national records. Phytotaxa 276 (1): 1–148. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.276.1.1